FIGURE 2.

DAMP/PAMP PPR pathway manipulation. (A) TLR, Mincle, and P2X7 receptor activation regulated by DAMP and PAMP signaling have been shown to stimulate downstream pathways involving various modulatory proteins (ERK, GSK3B, GIT2, SYK). This may activate AP-1, NFkB, IRF1/5, or inflammasome activation that leads to induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have demonstrated different areas of modulation (1–8) that can manipulate DAMP/PAMP mediated inflammation associated with PTB. (B) The supporting table lists several interventions that demonstrate the manipulation of the DAMP/PAMP mediated pathways that correspond to the different areas of modulation.