Table 1.
Influence of three cryopreservation techniques on the recovery level [%], number, length [mm], and fresh weight [mg] of shoots produced from a single viable explant (+/− LN-stored), and their capability to form roots [%] after 60 days of recovery culture.
| Dehydration Duration [min] | Plant Material | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-LN-Stored | LN-Stored | ||||
| Non-Encapsulated | Encapsulated | Vitrification | Droplet-Vitrification | Encapsulation-Vitrification | |
| Recovery [%} | |||||
| control | 100 a | 85.0 bc | 0.0 l | 0.0 l | 0.0 l |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 100 a | 81.7 b–d | 0.0 l | 0.0 l | 0.0 l |
| 30 | 80.0 b–d | 85.0 bc | 6.4 kl | 52.4 fg | 0.0 l |
| 60 | 87.5 b | 52.5 fg | 25.8 hi | 44.8 fg | 32.4 h |
| 90 | 42.3 gh | 57.9 e–g | 14.8 jk | 22.8 hi | 50.0 fg |
| 120 | 51.8 fg | 70.8 b–e | 8.9 kl | 23.0 hi | 45.8 fg |
| 150 | 28.8 hi | 68.8 c–f | 11.4 jk | 26.3 hi | 73.1 b-e |
| 180 | 12.5 jk | 62.5 d–g | 13.3 jk | 26.2 hi | 40.3 gh |
| No. of shoots per explant | |||||
| control | 2.0 ± 0.4 bc | 2.2 ± 0.2 bc | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 1.9 ± 0.1 bc | 2.1 ± 0.3 bc | - | - | - |
| 30 | 2.1 ± 0.5 bc | 1.8 ± 0.1 bc | 1.0 ± 0.0 c | 1.6 ± 0.2 bc | - |
| 60 | 1.8 ± 0.2 bc | 1.4 ± 0.3 c | 3.1 ± 0.4 bc | 2.3 ± 0.3 bc | 2.5 ± 0.4 bc |
| 90 | 1.9 ± 0.2 bc | 1.5 ± 0.2 c | 2.0 ± 0.2 bc | 1.3 ± 0.3 bc | 2.1 ± 0.3 bc |
| 120 | 1.9 ± 0.2 bc | 1.3 ± 0.3 c | 3.0 ± 0.0 bc | 1.3 ± 0.3 bc | 4.9 ± 0.8 a |
| 150 | 1.6 ± 0.2 bc | 1.4 ± 0.3 c | 1.0 ± 0.0 c | 1.5 ± 0.3 bc | 3.9 ± 1.4 ab |
| 180 | 1.0 ± 0.0 c | 1.9 ± 0.4 bc | 1.5 ± 0.5 c | 2.0 ± 0.6 bc | 2.2 ± 0.3 bc |
| Shoot length [mm] | |||||
| control | 17.1 ± 3.8 a–d | 25.0 ± 1.9 ab | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 16.7 ± 0.7 a–d | 29.3 ± 2.9 a | - | - | - |
| 30 | 26.2 ± 3.9 ab | 25.3 ± 1.5 ab | 29.5 ± 0.5 a | 9.9 ± 2.3 cd | - |
| 60 | 12.9 ± 2.8 b–d | 17.4 ± 1.4 a–d | 17.0 ± 3.0 a–d | 11.6 ± 1.4 b–d | 14.0 ± 1.9 b–d |
| 90 | 15.8 ± 1.5 a–d | 19.5 ± 4.2 a–d | 14.0 ± 1.7 b–d | 6.8 ± 1.6 d | 15.1 ± 2.2 a–d |
| 120 | 23.6 ± 5.9 a–c | 19.6 ± 3.7 a–d | 11.7 ± 1.0 b–d | 7.3 ± 1.7 d | 17.9 ± 1.9 a–d |
| 150 | 18.1 ± 4.6 a–d | 18.4 ± 3.0 a–d | 5.8 ± 0.4 d | 7.9 ± 1.2 d | 16.6 ± 0.4 a–d |
| 180 | 10.0 ± 2.0 cd | 15.0 ± 3.0 a–d | 9.2 ± 0.2 cd | 8.5 ± 1.5 d | 16.4 ± 0.8 a–d |
| Shoot weight [mg] | |||||
| control | 198.3 ± 88.3 c | 324.1 ± 80.3 c | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 87.8 ± 9.4 c | 517.4 ± 97.8 bc | - | - | - |
| 30 | 451.0 ± 103.9 bc | 321.1 ± 56.3 c | 2412.5 ± 387.5 a | 49.9 ± 22.3 c | - |
| 60 | 73.7 ± 13.2 c | 160.7 ± 70.0 c | 739.3 ± 191.5 bc | 146.4 ± 35.8 c | 172.3 ± 57.2 c |
| 90 | 194.5 ± 53.5 c | 215.3 ± 110.7 c | 176.6 ± 35.3 c | 100.2 ± 82.0 c | 206.7 ± 19.9 c |
| 120 | 443.2 ± 203.3 bc | 258.2 ± 126.4 c | 126.6 ± 30.7 c | 60.1 ± 26.0 c | 951.8 ± 335.7 b |
| 150 | 162.6 ± 61.0 c | 239.6 ± 96.9 c | 114.3 ± 40.8 c | 100.2 ± 36.0 c | 633.0 ± 323.8 bc |
| 180 | 41.4 ± 5.2 c | 220.0 ± 150.2 c | 121.2 ± 72.2 c | 205.8 ± 70.3 c | 174.0 ± 31.9 c |
| Rhizogenesis [%] | |||||
| control | 0.0 c | 35.0 a | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 0.0 c | 33.7 a | - | - | - |
| 30 | 31.2 ab | 17.5 ac | 0.0 c | 20.8 ac | - |
| 60 | 20.0 ac | 0.0 c | 10.4 c | 0.0 c | 29.2 ac |
| 90 | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 12.5 bc |
| 120 | 8.3 c | 10.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 41.2 a |
| 150 | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 30.2 ac |
| 180 | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 16.7 ac 1 |
1 Means ± SE in rows and columns marked with the same letter do not differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05 according to Newman–Keuls test; LS, loading solution.