Table 2.
Influence of three cryopreservation techniques on the concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll ct, and anthocyanins in +/− LN-stored shoot fresh matter [mg·g−1] after 60 days of culture.
| Dehydration Duration [min] | Plant Material | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-LN-Stored | LN-Stored | ||||
| Non-Encapsulated | Encapsulated | Vitrification | Droplet-Vitrification | Encapsulation-Vitrification | |
| Chlorophyll a [mg·g−1] | |||||
| control | 3.24 ± 0.46 a | 1.86 ± 0.37 d | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 1.67 ± 0.04 de | 0.88 ± 0.07 de | - | - | - |
| 30 | 2.68 ± 0.47 b | 0.52 ± 0.04 e | 1.12 ± 0.38 de | 0.43 ± 0.19 e | - |
| 60 | 2.56 ± 0.22 c | 0.43 ± 0.12 e | 0.76 ± 0.07 de | 0.57 ± 0.00 e | 0.72 ± 0.14 e |
| 90 | 1.41 ± 0.06 de | 0.49 ± 0.18 e | 1.21 ± 0.00 de | 0.54 ± 0.18 e | 0.70 ± 0.16 e |
| 120 | 1.88 ± 0.23 d | 0.57 ± 0.07 e | 1.12 ± 0.40 de | 0.82 ± 0.38 e | 0.88 ± 0.17 e |
| 150 | 0.51 ± 0.01 e | 0.44 ± 0.09 e | 0.75 ± 0.23 de | 0.64 ± 0.27 e | 0.84 ± 0.11 e |
| 180 | 0.37 ± 0.01 e | 0.65 ± 0.10 e | 1.39 ± 0.17 de | 0.72 ± 0.16 e | 0.47 ± 0.04 e |
| Chlorophyll b [mg·g−1] | |||||
| control | 1.21 ± 0.17 a | 0.66 ± 0.13 bc | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 0.64 ± 0.03 b–d | 0.20 ± 0.02 c–e | - | - | - |
| 30 | 1.12 ± 0.13 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 e | 0.32 ± 0.08 de | 0.25 ± 0.10 c–e | - |
| 60 | 1.00 ± 0.07 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 e | 0.34 ± 0.02 de | 0.31 ± 0.00 de | 0.20 ± 0.04 c–e |
| 90 | 0.53 ± 0.01 b–d | 0.11 ± 0.06 e | 0.46 ± 0.02 de | 0.28 ± 0.08 de | 0.36 ± 0.10 de |
| 120 | 0.74 ± 0.07 b | 0.14 ± 0.03 e | 0.45 ± 0.19 de | 0.49 ± 0.01 de | 0.34 ± 0.10 de |
| 150 | 0.22 ± 0.00 c–e | 0.10 ± 0.04 e | 0.36 ± 0.06 de | 0.37 ± 0.16 de | 0.16 ± 0.02 e |
| 180 | 0.36 ± 0.04 de | 0.13 ± 0.04 e | 0.51 ± 0.14 de | 0.36 ± 0.06 de | 0.17 ± 0.04 de |
| Chlorophyll ct [mg·g−1] | |||||
| control | 4.44 ± 0.62 a | 2.52 ± 0.50 bc | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 2.31 ± 0.06 b–d | 1.08 ± 0.09 b–e | - | - | - |
| 30 | 3.79 ± 0.56 a | 0.62 ± 0.05 de | 1.45 ± 0.45 b–e | 0.68 ± 0.29 de | - |
| 60 | 3.57 ± 0.28 a | 0.52 ± 0.19 e | 1.10 ± 0.08 b–e | 0.88 ± 0.00 de | 0.93 ± 0.17 c–e |
| 90 | 1.94 ± 0.08 b–e | 0.60 ± 0.24 de | 1.67 ± 0.02 b–e | 0.82 ± 0.26 de | 1.07 ± 0.24 b–e |
| 120 | 2.61 ± 0.30 b | 0.70 ± 0.11 de | 1.57 ± 0.58 b–e | 1.31 ± 0.03 b–e | 1.22 ± 0.27 b–e |
| 150 | 0.73 ± 0.01 de | 0.54 ± 0.05 e | 1.11 ± 0.29 b–e | 1.02 ± 0.43 b–e | 1.00 ± 0.11 b–e |
| 180 | 0.73 ± 0.05 de | 0.78 ± 0.13 de | 1.90 ± 0.30 b–e | 1.07 ± 0.22 b–e | 0.63 ± 0.05 de |
| Anthocyanins [mg·g−1] | |||||
| control | 5.38 ± 0.87 c–g | 6.76 ± 1.73 b–e | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 4.28 ± 0.67 c–i | 4.54 ± 0.46 c–i | - | - | - |
| 30 | 6.16 ± 1.57 b–f | 4.00 ± 0.19 d–i | 9.01 ± 1.49 ab | 10.73 ± 0.05 a | - |
| 60 | 8.86 ± 1.33 ac | 3.59 ± 0.61 d–i | 5.71 ± 0.64 b–g | 2.89 ± 0.25 e–i | 4.57 ± 0.44 c–i |
| 90 | 2.54 ± 1.08 f–i | 5.43 ± 0.07 b–g | 3.50 ± 0.71 e–i | 3.83 ± 0.13 d–i | 6.98 ± 0.36 b–e |
| 120 | 4.92 ± 0.63 c–h | 4.24 ± 0.36 c–i | 3.50 ± 0.25 e–i | 1.88 ± 0.03 g–i | 7.66 ± 0.35 a–d |
| 150 | 1.88 ± 0.02 g–i | 4.57 ± 0.37 c–i | 0.51 ± 0.03 i | 2.04 ± 0.52 g–i | 8.15 ± 0.75 a–c |
| 180 | n.a. | 6.55 ± 1.43 b–f | 0.99 ± 0.08 hi | 1.65 ± 0.16 h–i | 1.10 ± 0.15 hi |
| Chlorophyll ct to anthocyanins ratio | |||||
| control | 0.82 ± 0.15 b | 0.37 ± 0.03 b | - | - | - |
| 0 (20 min LS) | 0.54 ± 0.07 b | 0.24 ± 0.04 b | - | - | - |
| 30 | 0.61 ± 0.25 b | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | - |
| 60 | 0.40 ± 0.03 b | 0.15 ± 0.06 b | 0.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.30 ± 0.00 b | 0.20 ± 0.03 b |
| 90 | 0.76 ± 0.36 b | 0.11 ± 0.04 b | 0.48 ± 0.09 b | 0.21 ± 0.08 b | 0.15 ± 0.20 b |
| 120 | 0.53 ± 0.04 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.45 ± 0.15 b | 0.70 ± 0.04 b | 0.16 ± 0.04 b |
| 150 | 0.39 ± 0.00 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 2.18 ± 0.78 a | 0.50 ± 0.23 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 b |
| 180 | n.a. | 0.12 ± 0.04 b | 1.92 ± 0.02 a | 0.64 ± 0.03 b | 0.57 ± 0.17 b 1 |
1 Means ± SE in rows and columns marked with the same letter do not differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05 according to Newman–Keuls test; LS, loading solution; n.a., not available.