Figure 8.

MIA induces oxidative stress in the brain of offspring rat. The effects of MIA on activation of oxidative stress were analyzed in cerebral cortex of PND 52–54 male offspring rats. The expression of pro-oxidative genes, such as Alox12 (a) and Ptgs2 (b) were measured by real-time PCR and normalized to Actb (β-actin), as a reference gene. The level of reactive oxygen species in tissue homogenate was determined with DCFH-DA probe (c). The levels of total GSH (d), oxidized GSSG glutathione (e), and ratio of GSH/GSSG (f) were determined by spectrophotometric assays, using Glutathione Assay Kit as described in the text. Data represent the mean value ± S.E.M. (a–n = 3, b–n = 3–4, c–n = 8, d–n = 7–9, e–n = 5, f–n = 3–4). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, compared to control group using Student‘s t-test.