Table 2.

Compilation of recently published studies emphasizing regenerative approaches of enamel, dentin, and cementum.

Tissue	Scaffold Material	Study Model	Results	Ref.
Enamel	8DSS: Oligopeptide of eight repetitive sequences of aspartate-serine-serine	In vivo model using Sprague-Dawley rats with induced caries.	Increased remineralization by 8DSS due to inhibited enamel demineralization and promoted remineralization.	[131]
	Elastin-like polypeptide functionalized with glutamic acid residues	In vitro remineralization of bovine enamel specimens by pH cycling after immersion in biomaterial solution.	Formation of a dense layer of highly orientated apatite nanorods with mechanical properties close to natural enamel and high chemical stability against acidic impacts.	[132]
	PAMAM-dendrimers with varying terminal groups: -NH2, -COOH, -OH	In vitro remineralization of bovine enamel specimens by pH cycling.	Remineralization is affected by electrostatic interactions between scaffold and enamel surface. PAMAM-NH2 shows the best results, followed by PAMAM-COOH.	[133]
	ACP-loaded PAMAM dendrimers functionalized with SN15 peptide sequence.	In vitro enamel remineralization by cycling immersion in artificial saliva and demineralization solution.	Evaluated biomaterial achieves 90% higher remineralization compared to control.	[134]
Dentin	Nanobioactive glass cements with or without Sr	In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility and differentiation of DPSCs. In vivo evaluation using an ectopic odontogenesis model and a tooth defect model in rats.	Fast release of bioactive Ca-, Sr- and Si-ions. Promotion of the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. More new dentin formation by Sr-containing biomaterial in vivo.	[138]
	The organic matrix of cellulose acetate, oxidized pullulan and gelatin loaded with boron-modified bioactive glass nanoparticles.	In vitro evaluation of biomineralization, biocompatibility, proliferation, and differentiation with hDPSCs.	Boron-modified bioactive glass nanoparticles exhibit promotive effects on the deposition of a CaP as well as on adhesion, migration, and differentiation of hDPSCs.	[139]
	Biphasic collagen matrix: Inner section of lower stiffness loaded with VEGF covered by an outer section of higher stiffness loaded with BMP2.	In vitro evaluation using hDPSCs regarding biocompatibility, proliferation, and differentiation.	The direction of DPSCs differentiation is regulated by material stiffness and amplified by the respective growth factor.	[140]
Cementum	retroMTA + tricalcium phosphate	In vivo test using dehiscence periodontal defects in dogs.	Significantly increased the new bone and cementum formation. The biodegradability of retroMTA is enhanced by adding TCP.	[143]
	Calcium phosphate loaded with BMP2	In vivo periodontitis model using critical-sized supra-alveolar defects in dogs.	Significant increase in regeneration of mineralized tissues. Loading with BMP2 leads to a further 2–3-fold increase.	[144]
	Bilayered material: FGF2-propyleneglycol alginate gel covered by BMP2-PLGA/CaP cement.	In vivo test using three wall periodontal defects in non-human primates.	Significantly enhanced regeneration of cementum and periodontal ligament. Newly formed PDL is highly vascularized.	[145]
	PCL-based bilayered material: a flexible porous membrane delivers cell sheets and is covered by a fibrous and porous 3D compartment.	In vivo test using dehiscence periodontal defects in sheep to evaluate the potential of different cell types forming the cell sheets: Gingival cells (GCs), PDLCs, and hBM-MSCs.	Scaffolds containing BM-MSCs and PDLCs show superior new bone and cementum formation compared to scaffolds containing gingival cells.	[147]