Table 2.
Adjusted Logistic regression analysis for the whole study population (N = 13,266).
| Shortness of Breath (N = 12,161) | Cough (N = 12,163) |
Fever (N = 12,179) |
ARI (N= 12,145) |
Severe ARI (N = 11,967) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor (N) | % † | OR | CI | % † | OR | CI | % † | OR | CI | % † | OR | CI | % † | OR | CI |
| Household cooking fuel | |||||||||||||||
| Charcoal (2660) | 13.0 | Ref | 40.0 | Ref | 23.4 | Ref | 11.1 | Ref | 5.6 | Ref | |||||
| Wood (9501) | 17.7 | 1.33 b | 1.10–1.60 | 39.1 | 1.15 a | 1.00–1.33 | 35.2 | 1.26 b | 1.08–1.48 | 15.1 | 1.36 b | 1.11–1.66 | 9.5 | 1.41 a | 1.09–1.85 |
| Child age (months) (3972) | |||||||||||||||
| 0–11 (2707) | 19.1 | 1.09 | 0.94–1.27 | 38.2 | 0.83 b | 0.73–0.93 | 29.9 | 0.67 c | 0.59–0.77 | 15.8 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | 9.1 | 0.93 | 0.76–1.13 |
| 12–23 (2237) | 19.5 | Ref | 45.8 | Ref | 38.4 | Ref | 16.9 | Ref | 10.7 | Ref | |||||
| 24–35 (2387) | 8.2 | 0.94 | 0.80–1.09 | 42.4 | 0.89 | 0.79–1.01 | 35.5 | 0.85 a | 0.75–0.97 | 16.0 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.12 | 9.5 | 0.87 | 0.71–1.06 |
| 36–47 (2395) | 13.5 | 0.64 c | 0.54–0.76 | 38.5 | 0.77 c | 0.68–0.87 | 32.0 | 0.72 c | 0.63–0.83 | 11.7 | 0.66 c | 0.55–0.78 | 7.3 | 0.65 c | 0.52–0.80 |
| 48–59 (408) | 9.8 | 0.47 c | 0.32–0.66 | 30.3 | 0.55 c | 0.43–0.69 | 25.2 | 0.50 c | 0.38–0.65 | 8.6 | 0.51 c | 0.35–0.73 | 4.9 | 0.47 b | 0.28–0.74 |
| Child sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female (6106) | 15.9 | Ref | 38.9 | 32.0 | Ref | 14.8 | Ref | 7.9 | Ref | ||||||
| Male (6055) | 17.4 | 1.13 a | 1.02–1.26 | 39.6 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.15 | 33.2 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.18 | 13.7 | 1.12 | 1.00–1.25 | 9.3 | 1.19 a | 1.04–1.38 |
| Mode of delivery ¥ | |||||||||||||||
| Caesarean section (680) | 12.4 | Ref | 36.9 | 22.9 | Ref | 14.5 | Ref | 5.0 | Ref | ||||||
| Vaginal delivery (11,298) | 16.9 | 1.39 a | 1.08–1.83 | 39.5 | 1.27 a | 1.06–1.54 | 33.2 | 1.38 b | 1.11–1.73 | 10.7 | 1.37 a | 1.04–1.83 | 8.8 | 1.51 a | 1.04–2.28 |
| Vitamin A supplementation in last 6 months ¥ | |||||||||||||||
| No (5291) | 14.1 | Ref | 33.0 | 28.6 | Ref | 11.6 | Ref | 6.6 | Ref | ||||||
| Yes (6792) | 8.7 | 1.47 c | 1.31–1.64 | 44.3 | 1.67 c | 1.53–1.83 | 35.8 | 1.48 c | 1.34–1.63 | 16.3 | 1.58 c | 1.40–1.78 | 10.1 | 1.67 c | 1.43–1.96 |
| Breastfeeding status | |||||||||||||||
| Ever (11,932) | 16.7 | Ref | 39.4 | Ref | 32.7 | Ref | 14.3 | Ref | 8.7 | Ref | |||||
| Never (247) | 13.7 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.26 | 32.0 | 0.71 a | 0.51–0.98 | 28.7 | 0.91 | 0.63–1.29 | 10.9 | 0.76 | 0.45–1.22 | 6.2 | 0.71 | 0.33–1.34 |
| Maternal age (years) (3972) | |||||||||||||||
| 15–24 (4079) | 17.0 | Ref | 39.9 | Ref | 33.3 | Ref | 14.8 | Ref | 8.7 | Ref | |||||
| 25–35 (6015) | 17.1 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.23 | 39.7 | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 | 31.7 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 14.6 | 1.01 | 0.87–1.17 | 8.7 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.21 |
| 36–49 (708) | 14.6 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.17 | 36.7 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.06 | 34.0 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.19 | 12.3 | 0.91 | 0.74–1.11 | 8.2 | 0.95 | 0.74–1.22 |
| Maternal level of education | |||||||||||||||
| No education (1593) | 20.2 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.14 | 38.0 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.06 | 35.2 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.15 | 17.6 | Ref | 11.4 | 0.86 | 0.67–1.10 | |
| Primary (7560) | 16.5 | Ref | 38.7 | Ref | 34.9 | Ref | 14.1 | 0.95 | 0.78–1.16 | 8.9 | Ref | ||||
| Secondary/Higher (3008) | 16.2 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.23 | 41.4 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.14 | 27.5 | 0.80 c | 0.71–0.91 | 13.0 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 | 6.9 | 0.87 | 0.71–1.06 |
| Household wealth index | |||||||||||||||
| Lowest (3151) | 20.3 | Ref | 39.1 | Ref | 41.8 | Ref | 17.6 | Ref | 12.3 | Ref | |||||
| Low (2678) | 16.7 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 | 36.9 | 0.99 | 0.87–1.13 | 35.3 | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 14.2 | 1.03 | 0.87–1.23 | 9.0 | 1.04 | 0.84–1.28 |
| Middle (2362) | 16.1 | 1.04 | 0.87–1.25 | 39.3 | 1.05 | 0.91–1.21 | 31.5 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.24 | 13.5 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.20 | 7.3 | 0.96 | 0.75–1.23 |
| High (2066) | 16.3 | 1.09 | 0.89–1.33 | 41.4 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.25 | 29.3 | 0.97 | 0.81–1.14 | 13.9 | 1.08 | 0.87–1.34 | 7.7 | 1.14 | 0.87–1.48 |
| Highest (1922) | 11.7 | 0.78 | 0.59–1.04 | 40.6 | 0.92 | 0.74–1.13 | 18.8 | 0.64 c | 0.51–0.81 | 10.1 | 0.75 | 0.55–1.00 | 4.5 | 0.68 | 0.46–1.02 |
| Household cooking location ¥ | |||||||||||||||
| Indoors (9154) | 16.4 | Ref | 38.7 | Ref | 33.3 | Ref | 13.9 | Ref | 8.4 | Ref | |||||
| Outdoors (3008) | 17.2 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | 41.1 | 1.13 a | 1.02–1.25 | 30.3 | 1.08 | 0.96–1.21 | 15.2 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.22 | 9.3 | 1.13 | 0.94–1.35 |
| Number of household members (3972) | |||||||||||||||
| 1–4 (3589) | 16.4 | Ref | 40.4 | Ref | 30.0 | Ref | 14.2 | Ref | 7.5 | Ref | |||||
| 5–8 (6460) | 17.0 | 0.97 | 0.85–1.11 | 39.3 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.10 | 32.7 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.06 | 14.6 | 0.98 | 0.85–1.13 | 9.0 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.28 |
| 8–27 (2130) | 16.0 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.06 | 37.3 | 0.87 a | 0.75–0.99 | 36.8 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.05 | 13.4 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 | 9.2 | 1.01 | 0.80–1.28 |
| Survey season | |||||||||||||||
| Wet (4649) | 15.9 | Ref | 36.7 | Ref | 32.3 | Ref | 13.6 | Ref | 8.3 | Ref | |||||
| Dry (7330) | 17.1 | 1.09 | 0.98–1.23 | 41.0 | 1.18 c | 1.08–1.28 | 32.8 | 1.03 | 0.93–1.13 | 14.7 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.23 | 8.8 | 1.11 | 0.95–1.29 |
ap < 0.05; b p < 0.01; c p < 0.001, † Number of cases, with percentage of cases to non-cases with each category, OR = Adjusted odd ratio, CI = 95% confidence interval. Ref. = reference category. ¥ Variable has missing observations: Vitamin A supplementation in last 6 months = 84 (0.7%), Mode of delivery = 49 (0.4%). Not associated in the multivariate model (p > 0.05) = Birth order, Place of residence, Household smoking, Taking Iron pills, sprinkles or syrup.