Table 1.

NLRP3 inflammasome deactivators.

Inhibitor	Target and Mechanism	Refs
GKT137831	Inhibits NOX4 activity and reduces fatty acid oxidation pathway	[135]
VAS-2870	Inhibits NOX4 activity and reduces fatty acid oxidation pathway	[135]
Etomoxir	Inhibits CPT1A, a key enzyme in fatty acid oxidation pathway	[135]
C75 & cerulenin	Inhibits FASN activity that reduces the phosphorylation of AKT and p38 MAPK	[136]
CY-09	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3 via binding to its ATP binding site in NACHT domain	[137]
MNS	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3 via cysteine modification	[138]
OLT1177	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3	[139]
BOT-4-one	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3	[140]
INF39	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3 via binding to its ATP binding site in NACHT domain	[141]
Parthenolide	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3; Suppresses IκB kinase and NF-κB	[142,143,144]
Bay 11-7082	Impairs ATPase activity of NLRP3; Suppresses IκB kinase and NF-κB	[142]
Tranilast	Interferes with NLRPP3–NLRP3 and NLRP3–ASC interaction	[145]
Oridonin	Interferes with NLPR3–NEK7 interaction	[139]
Metformin	Activates AMPK that reduces ER stress and mitochondrial fission	[146]
Resveratrol	Activates AMPK that reduces ER stress and mitochondrial fission	[146]
Glycyrrhizin	Blocks TLR4 that reduces downstream NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation; Inhibits kinase activity of IKK; Inhibits ASC oligomerization via unknown mechanism	[147]
Isoliquiritigenin	Blocks TLR4 that reduces downstream NF-κB and MAPK activation; Inhibits transcriptional activity of NF-κB; Inhibits ASC oligomerization via unknown mechanism	[147]
Berberine	Enhances AMPK-dependent autophagy that eliminates mtROS;	[148]
Melatonin	Reduces protein abundance of NF-κB and p65	[149]
Eplerenone	Inhibits phosphorylation of NF-κB and ROS production	[150]
β-hydroxybutyrate	Abolishes K+ efflux; Reduces ASC oligomerization and speck formation via unknown mechanism	[151]
IL-10	Inhibits mTOR and promote mitophagy	[152]