Table 2.
Summary table of outcomes and exposure levels during full pregnancy in different sub-groups of the study population.
| Factor Level | Subjects (%) | Small for Gestational age, % | Birth Weight, g (SD) | PM-Exhaust, ng/m3 (SD) | Ozone, µg/m3 (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal level of education | pre-upper secondary school (<9 years) | 4021 (2.7) | 13.5 (34.2) | 3444.2 (528.1) | 145.8 (99.1) | 55.6 (5.0) |
| pre-upper secondary school (9 years) | 9981 (6.7) | 11.4 (31.8) | 3481.0 (549.5) | 150.9 (129.4) | 55.7 (5.3) | |
| upper secondary school (<3 years) | 13,571 (9.2) | 10.5 (30.7) | 3510.2 (550.0) | 165.2 (139.5) | 55.8 (5.5) | |
| upper secondary school (3 years) | 34,643 (23.4) | 9.2 (28.9) | 3547.0 (532.3) | 170.3 (149.5) | 55.2 (5.7) | |
| post-upper secondary school (<3 years) | 20,312 (13.7) | 9.7 (29.6) | 3544.8 (534.5) | 206.6 (160.6) | 54.3 (5.8) | |
| post-secondary school (3 years) | 63,605 (42.9) | 9.0 (28.6) | 3563.0 (522.8) | 233.7 (165.1) | 53.4 (5.9) | |
| postgraduate education | 2103 (1.4) | 9.4 (29.2) | 3552.8 (524.4) | 244.7 (166.4) | 53.1 (6.0) | |
| Paternal level of education | pre-upper secondary school (<9 years) | 3589 (2.4) | 14.7 (35.4) | 3426.3 (530.9) | 137.9 (92.3) | 55.7 (4.9) |
| pre-upper secondary school (9 years) | 13,365 (9.0) | 10.8 (31) | 3507.6 (538) | 151.8 (132.2) | 55.6 (5.4) | |
| upper secondary school (<3 years) | 21,049 (14.2) | 10.2 (30.2) | 3530.5 (551) | 163.5 (139.4) | 55.7 (5.5) | |
| upper secondary school (3 years) | 33,891 (22.9) | 9.1 (28.7) | 3545.0 (532.1) | 176.7 (151.6) | 54.9 (5.7) | |
| post-upper secondary school (<3 years) | 23,358 (15.8) | 9.6 (29.5) | 3550.0 (531.4) | 212.0 (161.5) | 54.2 (5.8) | |
| post-secondary school (3 years) | 50,052 (33.8) | 9.0 (28.6) | 3560.7 (520.5) | 243.2 (166.2) | 53.2 (6.0) | |
| postgraduate education | 2932 (2.0) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3559.1 (532.8) | 249.2 (167.1) | 53.1 (6.0) | |
| Family income, deciles | 1st | 12,135 (8.2) | 14.0 (34.7) | 3434.5 (532.8) | 154.3 (120.4) | 54.8 (5.3) |
| 2nd | 14,744 (9.9) | 12.1 (32.6) | 3480.7 (536.2) | 162.9 (128.7) | 54.8 (5.4) | |
| 3rd | 16,036 (10.8) | 10.6 (30.7) | 3518.9 (534.2) | 169.3 (136.9) | 54.5 (5.5) | |
| 4th | 16,979 (11.5) | 8.9 (28.4) | 3550.2 (533.1) | 175.8 (145.7) | 54.5 (5.7) | |
| 5th | 16,646 (11.2) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3554.5 (539.7) | 186.5 (152.0) | 54.6 (5.8) | |
| 6th | 15,889 (10.7) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3568.7 (532.8) | 205.8 (161.4) | 54.4 (6.0) | |
| 7th | 15,212 (10.3) | 8.5 (27.9) | 3574.0 (526.5) | 219.5 (164.3) | 54.2 (6.1) | |
| 8th | 14,675 (9.9) | 8.0 (27.1) | 3579.0 (531.6) | 234.8 (169.6) | 54.1 (6.2) | |
| 9th | 13,219 (8.9) | 7.8 (26.8) | 3581.0 (514.5) | 248.1 (174.4) | 54.0 (6.1) | |
| 10th | 12,701 (8.6) | 8.7 (28.1) | 3574.9 (513.3) | 267.5 (182.1) | 53.7 (6.2) | |
| Maternal smoking | Non-smoker | 141,859 (95.7) | 9.3 (29) | 3549.6 (530.0) | 203.8 (159.2) | 54.3 (5.8) |
| <10 cigarettes/day | 4977 (3.4) | 15.6 (36.3) | 3415.1 (555.2) | 144.9 (128.0) | 56.0 (5.3) | |
| ≥10 cigarettes/day | 1400 (0.9) | 16.5 (37.1) | 3336.7 (542.9) | 131.2 (118.3) | 56.3 (5.3) | |
| Family situation | Co-habiting with father | 142,456 (96.1) | 9.4 (29.2) | 3546.1 (531.6) | 201.7 (159.0) | 54.4 (5.8) |
| Living alone | 1575 (1.1) | 13.5 (34.2) | 3459.7 (541.6) | 180.4 (134.1) | 54.6 (5.4) | |
| Other | 4205 (2.8) | 13.7 (34.4) | 3471.8 (532.6) | 189.9 (147.8) | 54.7 (5.6) | |
| Maternal BMI | Underweight | 4138 (2.8) | 17.7 (38.2) | 3321.2 (491.7) | 217.1 (166.0) | 53.9 (5.9) |
| Normal Weight | 100,208 (67.6) | 10.0 (30.0) | 3518.8 (513.6) | 215.7 (164.0) | 54.0 (5.9) | |
| Overweight | 31,681 (21.4) | 7.8 (26.8) | 3610.9 (549.5) | 173.2 (142.4) | 55.1 (5.6) | |
| Obese | 12,209 (8.2) | 8.2 (27.5) | 3641.1 (601.2) | 148.5 (124.7) | 55.6 (5.4) | |
| Maternal region of origin | Central and Southern Africa | 4556 (3.1) | 15.8 (36.5) | 3447.7 (564.9) | 169.8 (102.4) | 55.0 (5.1) |
| Oceania | 100 (0.1) | 11.0 (31.4) | 3583.3 (538.2) | 236.3 (171.1) | 53.8 (5.9) | |
| Eastern Europe | 8404 (5.7) | 11.1 (31.4) | 3509.1 (526.7) | 161.6 (125.3) | 55.3 (5.4) | |
| Middle East | 9841 (6.6) | 14.6 (35.3) | 3398.3 (507.1) | 147.4 (111.5) | 55.7 (5.1) | |
| Northern Africa | 1426 (1.0) | 11.2 (31.6) | 3496.3 (522.0) | 151.9 (106.0) | 55.4 (5.0) | |
| North America | 624 (0.4) | 9.1 (28.9) | 3552.3 (495.5) | 247.7 (170.4) | 53.5 (6.3) | |
| Other Nordic countries | 2623 (1.8) | 8.8 (28.4) | 3567.5 (534.8) | 201.4 (163.0) | 54.7 (6.0) | |
| South and Central America | 3202 (2.2) | 9.8 (29.7) | 3485.2 (551.6) | 190.9 (143.4) | 54.6 (5.6) | |
| Southeast Asia | 5317 (3.6) | 16.2 (36.9) | 3349.6 (536.5) | 194.9 (144.2) | 54.4 (5.7) | |
| Sweden | 110,176 (74.3) | 8.4 (27.7) | 3574.0 (527.8) | 210.7 (165.5) | 54.1 (5.9) | |
| Other Western European | 1967 (1.3) | 11.7 (32.2) | 3513.6 (517.6) | 225.0 (169.0) | 53.8 (6.1) |