Effect of PPI, alkaline conditions and gastrin on mitochondrial volume, apoptosis, stemness, and metastability in CMT93 cells. (A,B) Mitochondrial volume assessed by MitoGreen. (C,D) Effect of pantoprazole (10 μg/mL), alkaline condition (pH 8.0), and gastrin (150 pg/mL) for 48 h on apoptosis (C) and stemness (D). (E) Protein levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). β-actin served as a loading control. (F) Liver metastasis was examined by an intrasplenic injection of CMT93 cells treated with pantoprazole and gastrin, or exposure to alkaline condition. Scale bar: 50 μm. Error bar: standard error.