Effect of PPI on tumor growth in orthotopic cecal tumors of CMT93 cells. (A) Effect of PPZ and/or knockdown of gastrin receptor (siGR) on tumor growth. (B) Effect of PPZ and/or knockdown of gastrin receptor (siGR) plus YAP inhibition by Ver on tumor growth. (C) Spontaneous liver metastasis of the orthotopic cecal tumors. (D) Effect of CPE on activation of YAP and the expression of YAP target genes in the cecal tumors. Tubulin served as loading control. Error bar: standard error (n = 5 mice). PPZ, pantoprazole; siGR, siRNA against gastrin receptor; Ver, verteporfin; NS, nucleostemin; nYAP, nuclear YAP.