Table 2.
Description of risk factors according to frailty status.
| Risk Factors | Overall (n = 1806) |
Non-Frailty (n = 634) |
Pre-Frailty (n = 920) |
Frailty (n = 252) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age a (years), Mean ± SD, Range | 70.74 ± 7.46, 60–93 |
66.93 ± 5.53, 60–90 |
71.88 ± 7.26, 60–91 |
76.11 ± 7.76, 60–92 |
<0.001 ** |
| 60–69 | 889 | 447 (50.3) | 385 (43.3) | 57 (6.4) | |
| 70–79 | 660 | 173 (26.2) | 382 (57.9) | 105 (15.9) | |
| ≥80 | 257 | 14 (5.4) | 153 (59.5) | 90 (35.0) | |
| Gender b | |||||
| Female | 1274 | 450 (35.3) | 640 (50.2) | 184 (14.4) | 0.543 |
| Male | 532 | 184 (34.6) | 280 (52.6) | 68 (12.8) | |
| Living area | |||||
| Urban | 621 | 220 (35.4) | 307 (49.4) | 94 (15.1) | 0.110 |
| Semi-urban | 559 | 214 (38.3) | 269 (48.1) | 76 (13.6) | |
| Rural | 626 | 200 (31.9) | 344 (55.0) | 82 (13.1) | |
| Education level b | |||||
| No school | 161 | 25 (15.5) | 98 (60.9) | 38 (23.6) | <0.001 ** |
| Primary school | 1326 | 449 (33.9) | 700 (52.8) | 177 (13.3) | |
| Secondary school and higher | 319 | 160 (50.2) | 122 (38.2) | 37 (11.6) | |
| Marital status b | |||||
| Single | 126 | 46 (36.5) | 66 (52.4) | 14 (11.1) | <0.001 ** |
| Married | 959 | 405 (42.2) | 452 (47.1) | 102 (10.6) | |
| Windowed/divorced/separated | 721 | 183 (25.4) | 402 (55.8) | 136 (18.9) | |
| Number of comorbidities a, mean ± SD | 1.38 (1.23) | 1.17 (1.14) | 1.42 (1.26) | 1.76 (1.24) | <0.001 ** |
| None | 517 | 209 (40.4) | 265 (51.3) | 43 (8.3) | |
| 1–2 | 972 | 347 (35.7) | 482 (49.6) | 143 (14.7) | |
| ≥3 | 317 | 78 (24.6) | 173 (54.6) | 66 (20.8) | |
| Self-reported medical diagnoses | |||||
| Hypertension b | 816 | 259 (31.7) | 425 (52.1) | 132 (16.2) | <0.001 ** |
| Diabetes mellitus b | 293 | 92 (31.4) | 155 (52.9) | 46 (15.7) | 0.380 |
| Heart disease b | 77 | 27 (35.1) | 33 (42.9) | 17 (22.1) | 0.090 |
| Chronic lung disease b | 60 | 18 (2.8) | 29 (3.2) | 13 (5.2) | 0.020 * |
| Knee osteoarthritis b | 180 | 39 (21.7) | 105 (58.3) | 36 (20.0) | <0.001 ** |
| Poor vision b | 170 | 33 (19.4) | 106 (62.4) | 31 (18.2) | <0.001 ** |
| Poor hearing b | 112 | 22 (19.6) | 60 (53.6) | 30 (26.8) | <0.001 ** |
| Self-health rate b | |||||
| Poor | 162 | 34 (21.0) | 78 (48.1) | 50 (30.9) | <0.001 ** |
| Moderate | 937 | 304 (32.4) | 500 (53.4) | 133 (14.2) | |
| Good | 707 | 296 (41.9) | 342 (48.4) | 69 (9.8) | |
| Number of medications used b | |||||
| None | 644 | 256 (39.8) | 321 (49.8) | 67 (10.4) | <0.001 ** |
| 1–3 | 979 | 337 (34.4) | 498 (50.9) | 144 (14.7) | |
| ≥4 | 183 | 41 (22.4) | 101 (55.2) | 41 (22.4) | |
| Body mass index c (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 3 (60.0) | <0.001 ** |
| Normal (18.5–22.9) | 22 | 4 (18.2) | 11 (50.0) | 7 (31.8) | |
| Overweight (≥23.0) | 1779 | 629 (35.4) | 908 (51.0) | 242 (27.3) | |
| Calf circumference b (cm) | |||||
| ≤31.00 | 545 | 111 (20.4) | 334 (61.3) | 100 (18.3) | <0.001 ** |
| ≥31.01 | 1261 | 523(82.5) | 586(63.7) | 152(60.3) | |
| Mid arm circumference b (cm) | |||||
| <20.99 | 57 | 6 (10.5) | 35 (61.4) | 16 (28.1) | <0.001 ** |
| 21.00–22.00 | 129 | 19 (14.7) | 76 (58.9) | 34 (26.4) | |
| ≥22.01 | 1620 | 609 (37.6) | 809 (49.9) | 202 (12.5) |
a ANOVA; b Chi-square test; c Fisher’s Exact test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001.