Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Reference. | Country | Study Design | Study Period | Exposure Assessment | Reference Category | Sex | Tumor Type | Outcome | Study Quality | N (Ca/Co) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerhardsson et al. (1995) [43] | Sweden | Cohort | 1969–1989 | Blood lead level | External. (Swedish population) | M | CNS tumor (malignant) | Incidence | Med | 1/664 |
| Anttila et al. (1996) [14] | Finland | Case-control | 1973–1990 | Blood lead level | Internal. (lowest) | Both | CNS tumor (malignant) | Incidence | Med | 26/20,741 |
| Glioma | 16/20,741 | |||||||||
| Lundstrom et al. (1997) [37] |
Sweden | Cohort | 1958–1987 | Job information | External. (Swedish population) | M | CNS tumor (malignant) | Incidence | Low | 6/3979 |
| Cocco et al. (1999) [42] |
USA | Case-control | 1984–1992 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | F | Brain tumor (malignant) | Mortality | Low | 12,980/51,920 |
| Meningioma (malignant) | 161/51,920 | |||||||||
| Hu et al. (1999) [45] | China | Case-control | 1989–1996 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | M | Meningioma | Incidence | High | 70/140 |
| F | 113/226 | |||||||||
| Wong et al. (2000) [36] | USA | Cohort | 1947–1995 | Job information (Battery workers) | External. (American population) | M | CNS tumor | Mortality | High | 10/4518 |
| Job information (Smelter workers) | M | 5/2300 | ||||||||
| Wesseling et al. (2002) [35] | Finland | Cohort | 1971–1995 | Job information | External. (Finnish population) | F | CNS tumor | Incidence | High | 693/413,877 |
| van Wijngaarden et al. (2006) [34] |
USA | Cohort | 1979–1989 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | Both | Brain tumor (malignant) | Mortality | Low | 59,352/317,968 |
| Lam et al. (2007) [39] | USA | Cohort | 1985–2001 | Job information | External. (American population) | M | Brain tumor (malignant) | Incidence | Med | 2/3192 |
| Prochazka et al. (2010) [38] | Sweden | Case-control | 1987–1999 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | Both | Acoustic neuroma (malignant) | Incidence | Low | 793/101,762 |
| M | 391/58,956 | |||||||||
| F | 402/42,806 | |||||||||
| Bhatti et al. (2011) [11] | USA | Case-control | 1994–1998 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | Both | Glioma | Incidence | High | 355/505 |
| Meningioma | 151/505 | |||||||||
| Gwini et al. (2012) [44] | Australia | Cohort | 1983–2005 | Job information | External. (Australian population) | M | CNS tumor (malignant) | Incidence | High | 6/4114 |
| Ilychova et al. (2012) [46] | Russia | Cohort | 1979–2003 | Job information | External. (Russian population) | M | CNS tumor (malignant) | Mortality | High | 3/1423 |
| F | 3/3102 | |||||||||
| Liao et al. (2016) [40] | China | Cohort | 2000–2011 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | M | Brain tumor (malignant) | Incidence | Low | 35/61,466 |
| 2004–2011 | Job information | F | Brain tumor (malignant) | Incidence | 42/73,363 | |||||
| F | Meningioma | 47/73,363 | ||||||||
| Sadetzk et al. (2016) [15] | 7 countries | Case-control | 2000–2004 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | Both | Meningioma | Incidence | Low | 1,906/5565 |
| M | 507/2484 | |||||||||
| F | 1,399/3081 | |||||||||
| Parent et al. (2017) [41] | 7 countries | Case-control | 2000–2004 | Job information | Internal. (unexposed) | Both | Glioma | Incidence | Low | 1,800/5160 |
| Barry et al. (2019) [47] | USA | Cohort | 1987–2012 | Blood lead level | Internal. (lowest) | M | CNS tumor (malignant) | Mortality | Low | 56/58,368 |
| Steenland et al. (2019) [10] | Finland | Cohort | 1977–2013 | Blood lead level | Internal. (lowest) | Both | CNS tumor | Incidence | Low | 137/20,752 |
| CNS tumor (malignant) | 68/20,752 | |||||||||
| Glioma | 55/20,752 | |||||||||
| England | Cohort | 1976–2011 | Blood lead level | Internal. (lowest) | Both | CNS tumor | Low | 24/9122 | ||
| CNS tumor (malignant) | 17/9122 | |||||||||
| Glioma | 18/9122 |
Note: CNS, central nervous system; N, number of participants. Ca: cases/Co: controls or cohort.