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. 2020 Jun 5;21(11):4052. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114052

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Latex microbead movement driven by ciliated human nasal epithelial cells. Panels A and B show six consecutive images recorded every 33 ms. (A) Before daidzein addition. (B) Five min after daidzein (100 µM) addition. The large arrows indicate the initial position of a microbead, and the small arrows indicate the distance that the microbead has moved. Daidzein stimulation enhanced microbead movement. (C) Daidzein-induced enhancement of ciliary beat distance (CBD) and microbead movement. Daidzein stimulation enhanced CBD and microbead movements. (D) Carbocisteine (CCis)-induced enhancement of CBD and microbead movements. CCis stimulation enhanced CBD and microbead movements. * indicates results significantly different from the control values (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate SE.