Figure 3.

Summary of therapeutic intervention on epigenetic modifications with evidence of renal benefit in preclinical diabetic nephropathy. Different approaches targeting epigenetic modifications attenuate renal injury in experimental models DN. me, methylation; Ac, acetylation; TSA, trichostatin A; VPA, valproic acid; NaB, sodium butyrate. Inhibition of DNA methylases or activation of DNA demethylases, inhibition of specific histone demethylases, and inhibition of certain histone deacetylases (HDAC) (e.g., HDAC2 by TSA and VPA and NaB unknown), activation of other HDACs (e.g., HDAC1 by apelin-13) or activation of histone acetylases such as p300/CBP were all protective in preclinical DN.