Table 1.

Aberrant DNA-methylation in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and cells cultured under high glucose (HG) conditions.

Change in DN *	Effect in Target Gene **	Model	Cell or Tissue	Reference
↓ DNA-methylation	↑ MIOX	STZ mice	Kidney	[64]
		HG in human cells	Tubular (HK-2)
	↑ MMP9	HG in human cells	Podocytes	[66]
	↑ CLDN-1	STZ mice	Kidney	[69]
		HG in human cells	Renal epithelial cells
	↑ CTGF	HG in human cells	Mesangial cells	[70]
	↑ TGFB1	db/db mice	Mesangial cells from diabetic mice	[74,75]
		db/db mice	Kidney
		HG in human cells	Mesangial cells
	↑ Agt, Abcc4, Slco1a1	db/db mice	Proximal tubules	[63]
↑ DNA-methylation	↓ mTOR upstream inhibitors	db/db mice	Immune cells from diabetic mice	[81]
	↓ NPHS1	db/db mice	Kidney	[67,68]
		STZ and db/db mice	Kidney and isolated podocytes
		HG in human cells	Podocytes
	↓ Trim13	STZ and db/db mice	Kidney	[71]
	↓ KLF4	TGF-β1 in human cells	HK-2	[79]
	↓ RCAN1	HG in human cells	Podocytes	[80]
	↓ Rasal1	STZ mice	Kidney	[82]
	↓ ESX1, GRIA3	HG in human cells	Podocytes	[65]

Streptozotocin (STZ) induces insulin-deficient diabetes that resembles type 1 DM, although there is no autoimmune component, while db/db mice are a model for type 2 DM. * Downward looking arrows mean decreased DNA-methylation and upward looking arrows mean increased DNA-methylation. ** Upward looking arrows mean increased gene expression and downward looking arrows mean decreased gene expression.