Figure 3.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/TNFR1 signaling pathway. (A) Schematic view of the components of the signaling pathway. See text for details. Components of the pathway that are increased in epilepsy are in blue. Therapeutic strategies to prevent the pathway are in red. (B) TNFα enhances neuronal glutamatergic transmission: On the one hand, it increases the levels of glutamate (Glu), and on the other hand, it enhances the activity of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. See the text for details. Pointed arrows indicate direction of the signaling pathway. Blunt arrows indicate inhibition.