Table 6.

Mapping of COVID-19 management steps using robotic solutions.

COVID-19 EDC Recommendation	Category	Prevention	Robotics Solution
Initial contact and assessment	Primary and emergency care	PPE, N95 face mask, goggles, gloves etc.	Robot doctor, Robot nurse, Ambulance robot
Hand hygiene	Personal hygiene	Sterilization	Sanitizer dispensing robot
Surface decontamination	Environmental hygiene	Use of hypochlorite or alcohol based disinfectants e.g., ethanol	Spraying robot for outdoor and UV robots for indoor disinfection
Patient Transport	Ambulance transfer	Surgical mask for the driver, PPE for the accompanying healthcare worker	Self-driving car (SDC) to carry patients
Hospital	Administration measures	PPE, N95 face mask, goggles, gloves etc.	Robot receptionist
	Patient management	as above	Tele-medicine Robot, lifting robot to shift patients from one place to another
	Pharmacy	as above	Medicine dispensing robot, drone robots
	Food services	as above	Robot chef, Food delivery robot
	House keeping	as above	Autonomous service robots
	Environmental Cleaning & waste management	as above	Cleaning/disinfection robots
Lab testing/Imaging	Blood test/sample collection/X-ray	as above	Sampling robot, Biopsy using surgical robot, SDC for sample collection, 3D X-ray and U/S robot
Management of the deceased	Administration measures	as above	Nursing robot for lifting, SDC for transportation to cemetery
Long term care facilities	Palliative Care	as above	Entertainment robots, tele-medicine robot, Nursing robot, Rehabilitation and Assistive robots