Table 2.
Sociodemographic, health and work characteristics of the participants with/without albuminuria at the end of the summer, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, September 2016.
| ACR < 30 mg/g (n = 51) | ACR ≥ 30 mg/g † (n = 14) | p-Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Age (years) | 39.8 ± 9.6 | 39.1 ± 8.7 | 0.82 |
| Total work experience (years) | 17.6 ± 8.8 | 17.3 ± 8.3 | 0.91 |
| Work experience in SA (years) | 7.2 ± 6.9 | 5.7 ± 8.2 | 0.51 |
| ACR-June (mg/g) | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 15.7 ± 25.9 | <0.01 |
| Daily fluid intake-June | 5.3 ± 2.8 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | 0.91 |
| Daily fluid intake- September | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 0.95 |
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Job title | |||
| Carpenter | 7 (14%) | 1 (7%) | 0.45 |
| Block Layer | 3 (6%) | 1 (7%) | 0.63 |
| Laborer | 11 (22%) | 3 (21%) | 0.65 |
| Plasterer | 20 (39%) | 3 (21%) | 0.18 |
| Steel Fixer | 3 (6%) | 0 | 0.48 |
| Tiler | 7 (14%) | 6 (43%) | 0.03 |
| Shift length | |||
| 10 h | 32 (63%) | 12 (86%) | 0.09 |
| 7 h | 19 (37%) | 2 (14%) | |
| Sleeping hours a | |||
| <8 h | 21 (41%) | 11 (79%) | 0.01 |
| ≥8 h | 30 (59%) | 3 (21%) | |
| Current smoker | |||
| Yes | 32 (63%) | 11 (79%) | 0.22 |
| No | 19 (37%) | 3 (21%) | |
| BMI b | |||
| ≥25 kg/m2 (overweight) | 9 (18%) | 5 (36%) | 0.14 |
| <25 kg/m2 (normal) | 42 (82%) | 9 (64%) | |
| Diabetes c | |||
| Yes | 5 (10%) | 1 (7%) | 0.62 |
| No | 46 (90%) | 13 (93%) | |
| Hypertension d | |||
| Yes | 6 (12%) | 4 (29%) | 0.13 |
| No | 45 (88%) | 10 (71%) | |
| Hydration status-June e | |||
| Significant dehydration | 4 (8%) | 3 (21%) | 0.16 |
| Minimal dehydration | 22 (43%) | 4 (29%) | 0.32 |
| Well hydrated | 25 (49%) | 7 (50%) | 0.95 |
| Hydration status-September e | |||
| Significant dehydration | 2 (4%) | 2 (14%) | 0.20 |
| Minimal dehydration | 26 (51%) | 4 (29%) | 0.14 |
| Well hydrated | 23 (45%) | 8 (57%) | 0.42 |
† When urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g, this is known as albuminuria. * Independent t-test or chi-square test; bold values denote statistical significance at p < 0.05. a Self-reported average daily sleeping hours; b Calculated using individual height and weight measurements; c Self-reported medically treated diabetes; d Defined as measured systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; e Determined from self-reported rating of urine color: 1–2 well hydrated, 3–4 minimal dehydration, and 5–8 significant dehydration.