Table 3.
Univariate associations between potential risk factors and changes in urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ΔACR) over the summer months (June–September, 2016) among 65 construction workers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| Variables | ΔACR (mg/g) † (n = 65) |
|
|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p-Value * | |
| Age (years) | −0.18 (−0.83:0.47) | 0.59 |
| Total work experience (years) | −0.20 (−0.87:0.47) | 0.56 |
| Work experience in SA (years) | −0.26 (−1.25:0.72) | 0.60 |
| ACR-June (mg/g) | 0.41 (−0.09:0.90) | 0.11 |
| Daily fluid intake-June (L) | −0.42 (−3.06:2.22) | 0.76 |
| Daily fluid intake-September (L) | 1.64 (−6.16:9.44) | 0.68 |
| Hydration status-June a | ||
| Significant dehydration | 21.91 (1.20:42.62) | 0.04 |
| Minimal dehydration | −2.25 (−13.73:9.24) | 0.70 |
| Well hydrated | Ref | |
| Hydration status-September a | ||
| Significant dehydration | 16.29 (−11.00:43.58) | 0.24 |
| Minimal dehydration | −2.51 (−14.40:9.38) | 0.68 |
| Well hydrated | Ref | |
| Job title | ||
| Carpenter | −10.80 (−31.98:10.38) | 0.32 |
| Block Layer | −11.42 (−31.81:8.96) | 0.27 |
| Laborer | −6.00 (−27.07:15.08) | 0.58 |
| Plasterer | −11.97 (−31.81:7.88) | 0.24 |
| Steel Fixer | −17.59 (−36.20:1.02) | 0.06 |
| Tiler | Ref | |
| Shift length | ||
| 10 h | 8.63 (−1.40:18.65) | 0.09 |
| 7 h | Ref | |
| Sleeping hours b | ||
| <8 h | 12.70 (1.21:24.19) | 0.03 |
| ≥8 h | Ref | |
| Current smokers | ||
| Yes | 6.54 (−4.78:17.86) | 0.26 |
| No | Ref | |
| BMI c | ||
| ≥25 kg/m2 (overweight) | 15.32 (−1.62:32.25) | 0.08 |
| <25 kg/m2 (normal) | Ref | |
| Diabetes d | ||
| Yes | −12.55 (−22.29:−2.80) | 0.01 |
| No | Ref | |
| Hypertension e | ||
| Yes | 8.33 (−11.61:28.26) | 0.41 |
| No | Ref | |
† Cross-summer change in ACR levels calculated as (September value–June value). * Bold values denote statistical significance at p < 0.05. a Determined from self-reported rating of urine color: 1–2 well hydrated, 3–4 minimal dehydration, and 5–8 significant dehydration; b Self-reported average daily sleeping hours; c Calculated using individual height and weight measurements; d Self-reported medically treated diabetes; e Defined as measured systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg.