Table 1.
Comparison of general characteristics, diabetic complication, biochemical indices, BMD, and bone metabolism markers among the three groups.
| Index | Normal group (n = 41) | Osteopenia group (n = 122) | Osteoporosis group (n = 99) | F (X2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 59.71 ± 6.06 | 62.10 ± 7.85a | 67.20 ± 7.27a,b | 9.93 | <0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.23 ± 3.50 | 25.76 ± 3.63a | 24.96 ± 3.77a,b | 3.26 | <0.05 |
| Diabetes duration (year) | 10.53 ± 6.83 | 12.03 ± 6.98 | 13.82 ± 6.96a,b | 3.18 | <0.05 |
| Menopausal year (year) | 11.15 ± 4.12 | 15.67 ± 5.28a | 19.17 ± 6.93a,b | 2.87 | <0.05 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.34 ± 17.01 | 133.82 ± 16.82 | 137.12 ± 18.85 | 1.86 | 0.16 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.32 ± 7.49 | 77.09 ± 10.36 | 77.14 ± 11.91 | 0.75 | 0.47 |
| PMOF (%) | 2.5 (2.0-2.7) | 3.6 (3.2-4.3)a | 7.2 (5.8-9.7)a,b | 2.96 | <0.05 |
| PHF (%) | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 1.0 (0.6-1.4)a | 3.8 (1.8-5.3)a,b | 2.45 | <0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.45 ± 2.09 | 8.88 ± 1.91 | 8.29 ± 1.89 | 2.38 | 0.10 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 8.53 ± 3.21 | 9.07 ± 3.83 | 8.07 ± 2.79 | 0.20 | 0.82 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.37 ± 1.14 | 4.44 ± 1.09 | 4.56 ± 1.36 | 0.42 | 0.66 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.97 ± 1.33 | 2.13 ± 1.62 | 1.83 ± 1.44 | 0.98 | 0.38 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.51 ± 0.80 | 2.61 ± 1.06 | 2.78 ± 1.03 | 1.21 | 0.30 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.04 ± 0.25 | 1.06 ± 0.27 | 1.10 ± 0.27 | 1.13 | 0.32 |
| UA (μmol/l) | 336.20 ± 92.41 | 324.84 ± 93.15a | 312.67 ± 74.01a,b | 3.26 | <0.05 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.732) | 97.25 ± 13.29 | 89.36 ± 19.85a | 86.78 ± 20.25a,b | 4.23 | <0.05 |
| Ca (mmol/l) | 2.33 ± 0.09 | 2.32 ± 0.12 | 2.30 ± 0.08 | 1.34 | 0.27 |
| PTH (pmol/l) | 36.63 ± 13.60 | 38.63 ± 14.81 | 40.74 ± 15.78 | 1.16 | 0.32 |
| Lumbar BMD (g/cm2) | 1.05 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.11a | 0.72 ± 0.14a,b | 100.71 | <0.05 |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.07a | 0.55 ± 0.09a,b | 194.02 | <0.05 |
| OC (ng/ml) | 17.14 ± 9.75 | 14.51 ± 6.89a | 12.80 ± 5.05a,b | 2.79 | <0.05 |
| β-CTX (ng/ml) | 0.35 ± 0.23 | 0.43 ± 0.24 | 0.45 ± 0.27 | 2.24 | 0.11 |
| P1NP (ng/ml) | 42.56 ± 26.90 | 44.76 ± 24.10 | 50.62 ± 25.53 | 2.07 | 0.13 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | 18.29 ± 4.99 | 16.10 ± 5.47a | 13.89 ± 5.85a,b | 2.99 | <0.05 |
| Complications | |||||
| Nephropathy (%) | 7 (17.07%) | 25 (20.49%) | 17 (17.17%) | 0.48 | 0.79 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 5 (12.20%) | 13 (10.66%) | 13 (13.13%) | 0.33 | 0.85 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 6 (14.63%) | 15 (12.30%) | 10 (10.10%) | 0.62 | 0.73 |
| Types of antidiabetic drugs | |||||
| Metformin (%) | 33 (80.49%) | 89 (72.95%) | 66 (66.67%) | 2.89 | 0.24 |
| SU (%) | 10 (24.39%) | 24 (19.67%) | 22 (22.22%) | 0.47 | 0.79 |
| α-Glycosidase inhibitors (%) | 10 (24.39%) | 44 (36.07%) | 37 (37.37%) | 2.33 | 0.31 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor (%) | 1 (2.44%) | 2 (1.64%) | 1 (1.01%) | 0.41 | 0.81 |
| TZD (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (%) | 2 (4.88%) | 4 (3.28%) | 3 (3.03%) | 0.32 | 0.85 |
| DDP-4 inhibitor (%) | 31 (75.61%) | 78 (63.93%) | 65 (65.66%) | 1.92 | 0.38 |
| Insulin (%) | 12 (29.27%) | 33 (27.05%) | 19 (19.19%) | 2.44 | 0.29 |
Note: ap < 0.05 compared with the normal group; bp < 0.05 compared with the osteopenia group. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; UA: uric acid; Ca: calcium; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH: parathyroid hormone; eGFR: glomerular filtration rate; BMD: bone mineral density; PMOF: probability of a major osteoporotic fracture; PHF: probability of hip fracture; SU: sulfonylurea; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; TZD: thiazolidinedione; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; DDP-4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4.