Figure 1.

β-funaltrexamine alleviated neurotoxic cytokine production in neuron/glia cultures. Neuron/glia cultures were pretreated with vehicle, various concentrations of H-Tyr-d-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH₂ (TAPP), BW373U86, dynorphin A (A), β-funaltrexamine, naltrindole, or nor-binaltorphimine (B) for 30 min before being incubated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL)/Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (10 U/mL) for an additional 24 h. BV2 cells (C) and RAW264.7 cells (D) were pretreated with vehicle or various concentrations of β-funaltrexamine for 30 min before being incubated with LPS (100 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 U/mL) for an additional 24 h. Supernatants were collected and subjected to Griess reagent for the measurement of NO. Neuron/glia cultures were pretreated with vehicle or various concentrations of β-funaltrexamine for 30 min before being incubated with LPS (100 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 U/mL) for an additional 24 h. Supernatants were collected and subjected to Griess reagent or ELISA for the measurement of NO (E), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (F), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (G), and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (H). * p < 0.05 vs. untreated control and # p < 0.05 vs. LPS/IFN-γ control, n = 4.