Table 1.
Summary of Study 1 results (c = centered, r = residualized; see text for details). For each effect, we report the coefficient estimate (in log-odds and odds), its standard errors and two tests of significance: Wald’s Z statistic, which tests whether the coefficients are significantly different from zero (given the estimated standard error), as well as the χ2 over the change in data likelihood, Δ(−2Λ), associated with the removal of the unresidualized predictor from the final model. Finally, we report the partial Nagelkerke R2 as a measure of effect size (cf. Jaeger, 2010, footnote 2).
| Predictor (independent variable) | Parameter estimates | Wald’s test | Δ(−2Ʌ)-test | Partial pseudo-R2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log-odds | S.E. | Odds | Z | pz | χ2 | p | ||
| Properties of target sentence | ||||||||
| Theme pronominal (r) | 2.25 | 0.39 | 9.5 | 5.7 | ≪0.001 | 18.2 | ≪0.001* | 0.061 |
| Theme given (r) | 1.32 | 0.45 | 3.7 | 2.9 | <0.005 | 13.8 | ≪0.001* | 0.047 |
| Theme indefinite | −2.41 | 0.41 | 0.1 | −5.9 | ≪0.001 | 35.6 | ≪0.001* | 0.112 |
| Theme singular | −0.83 | 0.38 | 0.4 | −2.2 | <0.05 | 5.6 | <.05* | 0.017 |
| Recipient pronominal | −0.54 | 0.50 | 0.6 | −1.1 | >0.2 | 1.2 | >0.2 | 0.002 |
| Recipient given (r) | −2.53 | 0.58 | 0.1 | −4.4 | ≪0.001 | 24.9 | ≪0.001* | 0.081 |
| Recipient indefinite | 0.27 | 0.53 | 1.3 | 0.5 | >0.6 | 0.3 | >0.6 | 0.001 |
| Recipient inanimate | 3.29 | 0.58 | 26.8 | 5.7 | ≪0.001 | 33.4 | ≪0.001* | 0.104 |
| Recipient third person | 0.39 | 0.41 | 1.5 | 0.9 | >0.3 | 1.1 | >0.3 | 0.004 |
| Log argument length difference | −2.55 | 0.23 | 0.1 | −10.9 | ≪0.001 | 66.7 | ≪0.001* | 0.193 |
| Verb class = ‘prevention of possession’ | −3.75 | 2.50 | 0.1 | −1.6 | >0.11 | 2.4 | >0.12 | 0.017 |
| Target verb bias (log-odds) | 4.45 | 0.63 | 85.6 | 6.9 | ≪0.001 | 117.3 | ≪0.001* | 0.302 |
| Basic priming effects | ||||||||
| PO prime (c) | 0.56 | 0.33 | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.1 | 3.2 | <0.1 + | 0.004 |
| Cumulative PO primes | 0.29 | 0.23 | 1.3 | 1.2 | >0.2 | 1.8 | >0.2 | 0.005 |
| Prime-target verb identity (c) | 0.01 | 0.34 | 1.0 | 0.1 | >0.9 | 1.4 | >0.3 | 0.004 |
| Log prime-target distance (c,r) | 0.02 | 0.10 | 1.0 | 0.2 | >0.8 | 0.2 | >0.9 | 0.001 |
| PO prime × verb identity (r) | 1.04 | 0.68 | 2.8 | 1.6 | >0.10 | 2.6 | >0.10 | 0.009 |
| PO prime × distance (r) | −0.17 | 0.21 | 0.8 | −0.4 | >0.4 | 1.4 | >0.4 | 0.002 |
| PO prime × verb identity × distance (r) | −0.24 | 0.43 | 0.8 | −0.8 | >0.5 | 0.4 | >0.5 | 0.001 |
| Effect of prime’s prediction error | ||||||||
| Prior prime surprisal given the prime verb (c,r) | −0.07 | 0.20 | 0.9 | 0.4 | >0.7 | 0.2 | >0.6 | 0.001 |
| PO prime × prior prime surprisal (r) | 0.81 | 0.40 | 2.2 | 2.0 | <0.05 | 4.3 | <0.05* | 0.012 |