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. 2020 Jun 24;9:e57640. doi: 10.7554/eLife.57640

Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing that a candidate receptor for the A. rubens neuropeptide ArPrRP is an ortholog of protostome sNPF-type receptors.

The tree includes NPY/NPF-type receptors, chordate PrRP-type receptors and protostome sNPF-type receptors, with GPR83-type, luqin-type, and tachykinin-type receptors as outgroups to root the tree. Interestingly, the candidate receptor for the A. rubens neuropeptide ArPrRP (red arrow) and orthologs from other echinoderms are positioned in a clade comprising protostome sNPF-type receptors, whereas candidate receptors for PrRP-type peptides in the hemichordate S. kowalevskii are positioned in a clade containing chordate PrRP-type receptors. Note that NPY/NPF-type receptors form a distinct clade that includes an NPY/NPF-type receptor from the hemichordate S. kowalevskii, but no echinoderm receptors are present in this clade. The tree was generated in W-IQ-tree 1.0 using the Maximum likelihood method. The stars represent bootstrap support (1000 replicates, see legend) and the coloured backgrounds represent different taxonomic groups, as shown in the key. The names with text in blue represent the receptors for which ligands have been experimentally confirmed. The asterisks highlight receptors where the reported ligand is atypical when compared with ligands for receptors in the same clade. Species names are as follows: Aaeg (Aedes aegypti), Acal (Aplysia californica), Ajap (Apostichopus japonicus), Amis (Alligator mississippiensis), Apla (Acanthaster planci), Arub (Asterias rubens), Bbel (Branchiostoma belcheri), Bdor (Bactrocera dorsalis), Bflo (Branchiostoma floridae), Bmor (Bombyx mori), Cele (Caenorhabditis elegans), Cgig (Crassostrea gigas), Ctel (Capitella teleta), Dmel (Drosophila melanogaster), Drer (Danio rerio), Ggal (Gallus gallus), Hsap (Homo sapiens), Lcha (Latimeria chalumnae), Lgig (Lottia gigantea), Lsta (Lymnaea stagnalis), Pcau (Priapulus caudatus), Pdum (Platynereis dumerilii), Ppac (Pristionchus pacificus), Skow (Saccoglossus kowalevskii), Smed (Schmidtea mediterranea), Spur (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), Tcas (Tribolium castaneum), Xtro (Xenopus tropicalis). The accession numbers of the sequences used for this phylogenetic tree are listed in Figure 4—source data 1.

Figure 4—source data 1. Accession numbers of the receptor sequences used for the phylogenetic analysis shown in Figure 4.
elife-57640-fig4-data1.docx (127.4KB, docx)

Figure 4.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Comparison of the sequences of ArPrRP and orthologs from other echinoderms with protostome sNPF-type peptides.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1.

Conserved residues are highlighted in black or grey. Species names are highlighted in phylum-specific or superphylum-specific colours: blue (Echinodermata), red (Lophotrochozoa), orange-red (Platyhelminthes), green (Arthropoda) and grey (Nematoda). Species names are as follows: Aaeg (Aedes aegypti), Afil (Amphiura filiformis), Apla (Acanthaster planci), Arub (Asterias rubens), Bmor (Bombyx mori), Cele (Caenorhabditis elegans), Cgig (Crassostrea gigas), Dmel (Drosophila melanogaster), Lsta (Lymnaea stagnalis), Oara (Ophiopsila aranea), Pdum (Platynereis dumerilii), Smed (Schmidtea mediterranea), Spur (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), Tcas (Tribolium castaneum). The accession numbers of the sequences included in this alignment are listed in Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1.
Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Accession numbers of the precursor sequences used for the peptide alignments in Figure 4—figure supplement 1.
Figure 4—figure supplement 2. Comparison of the exon/intron structure of genes encoding echinoderm orthologs of the ArPrRP precursor and genes encoding protostome sNPF-type precursors.

Figure 4—figure supplement 2.

Schematic representations of the gene structures are shown, with protein-coding exons shown as rectangles and introns shown as lines (with intron length stated underneath). The protein-coding exons are colour-coded to show regions that encode the N-terminal signal peptide (blue), the neuropeptide(s) (red), monobasic or dibasic cleavage sites (green) and other regions of the precursor protein (grey). The coloured backgrounds label the following the taxonomic groups: echinoderms (blue), lophotrochozoa (red), arthropods (green) and nematodes (grey). Species abbreviations: Apla (Acanthaster planci), Spur (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), Cgig (Crassostrea gigas), Pcan (Pomacea canaliculata), Tcas (Tribolium castaneum), Amel (Apis mellifera), Dmel (Drosophila melanogaster), Cele (Caenorhabditis elegans). The accession numbers for the sequences of the precursors shown in this figure are listed in Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1.
Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1. Accession numbers of the precursor sequences used for the gene structure analysis in Figure 4—figure supplement 2.