Fig. 1. Oncolytic VSVmIFNβ infection promotes a favorable chemokine profile for CAR T cell trafficking, yet combination does not improve survival.

Mice bearing B16EGFRvIII tumors received a single intratumoral (IT) injection of 5 × 10⁷ pfu of VSVmIFNβ or PBS and tumors were harvested 6, 24 or 48 h post injection (a). Cytokine and chemokine concentration and infectious viral titer (b, c) was quantified in tumor homogenate and normalized to the average tumor weight. Mean ± SD for n = 3 per group except 48 h time point n = 2. Dashed line indicates upper limit of standard curve for quantification. d Mice bearing B16EGFRvIII tumors were treated with 5 × 10⁷ pfu VSVmIFNβ or PBS 6 h prior to intravenous (IV) administration of 1 × 10⁷ EGFRvIII CAR T cells on day 7. Select groups received 2 additional doses of 5 × 10⁷ pfu VSVmIFNβ on days 10 and 13. n = 6/group. e Tumor growth for select groups is shown in the left panel and overall survival is shown in the right panel. f Circulating CD8 CAR T cells were quantified from the blood 7 days after adoptive transfer and represented as mean ± SD for n = 4/group. Each symbol represents a mouse. g Mice bearing B16EGFRvIII tumors were given a lymphodepleting dose of 5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) on day 6 and treated with 5 × 10⁷ pfu VSVmIFNβ or PBS 6 h prior to administration of 1 × 10⁷ EGFRvIII CAR T cells on day 7. Select groups received 2 additional doses of 5 × 10⁷ pfu VSVmIFNβ on days 10 and 13. n = 6/group. h Tumor growth for select groups is shown in the left panel and overall survival is shown in the right panel. Circulating CD8 CAR T cells were quantified from the blood 6 days after adoptive transfer and represented as mean ± SD for n = 4/group (i). Experiments were performed once. P-values were determined using the Log-rank Mantel–Cox test (e, h) or a one-way ANOVA with a Tukey multiple comparisons post-test (f, i). Statistical significance set at p < 0.05, ns > 0.05. Source data are provided in the Source Data File.