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. 2020 Apr 14;34(7):1271–1278. doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-0864-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Deprivation deciles by county and urban area, compared with the benchmark for England: better—green, similar—yellow, worse—red [4]. Deprivation deciles are defined using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 local authority scores. They are created by ranking upper tier local authorities in England from most to least deprived and dividing these into ten categories with approximately equal numbers of local authorities in each.