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. 2020 Jun 18;11:1349. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01349

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Copyright © 2020 Ojima, Gotoh, Takada, Odamaki, Xiao, Katoh and Katayama.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in cecum size and expression of inflammation-related genes in vancomycin-treated mice. At the end of the experiment, we measured cecum weight and measured the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes in the large intestine for vancomycin-treated mice (C: control, V: vancomycin + natural recovery, VB: vancomycin + B. bifidum, VF: vancomycin + fecal transplant from control mice). (A) Cecum weight, relative mRNA expression of genes encoding (B) IL-β, (C) TNF-α, (D) INF-γ, (E) IL-6, and (F) IL-10 for vancomycin-treated mice, using Actb as a reference gene. Error bars indicate standard error, and significance was determined by One-Way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).