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. 2020 Jun 18;8:445. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00445

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Copyright © 2020 Zhao, Ouyang, Chen, Zhao, Shen and Dai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Animal model construction. (A) The first animal model (the articular disc and half condylar cartilage were removed in mice). (A1) Surgery on the left side. (A2) The preauricular skin was cut, and the facial vessels and nerves were exposed. (A3) The muscle was cut, and the integral condyle was exposed. (A4) The articular capsule and disc were removed. (A5) The latter half of the condylar cartilage was removed using scissors. (A6) The wound was closed. (B) 3D schematic of the first animal model. (C) The second animal model (the articular disc and total condylar cartilage were removed in mice). (C1–C4,C6) show the same procedures described above. (C5) Total condylar cartilage was removed using scissors. (D) 3D schematic of the second animal model. (E) The third animal model (half condylar cartilage was removed, but the articular disc was preserved). (E1–E3,E6) show the same procedures described above. (E4) The articular disc was preserved. (E5) The latter half of the condylar cartilage was removed using scissors, ensuring that there was no evident displacement of the articular disc. (F) 3D schematic of the third animal model. AD, articular disc; C, condyle; CN, condyle neck; FN, facial nerve; FV, facial vessel; IC, injured condyle; P, parotid gland.