Levels of CSF biomarkers, lactate (mmol/L), GL (mg/dL), and CSF/blood GL ratio in acute BM and VM with typical and atypical CSF characteristics and in the normal control group. Comparisons between acute meningitis and the normal control group (Ctrl): CSF lactate (a); GL (c); CSF/blood GL ratio (e); p < 0.0001 between the 3 groups for each biomarker studied; p < 0.0001 when each group was compared pairwise. Comparisons between acute BM and VM with typical and atypical CSF characteristics: CSF lactate (b); GL (d); CSF/blood GL ratio (f); for the comparisons not indicated in the figure, p > 0.05. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; BM, bacterial meningitis; VM, viral meningitis.