Table 1. Summary for the Dehydration of Hexose Sugars under Aqueous Conditions by Using the Acidic Ion Exchange Catalyst^c.

run	asugar, mmol	bsalt, (w/w)	temp. (°C)	cat. (w/w)	time (h)	conversion (%)	yield (%) LA
1	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	110	0.3	12	100	74.6
2	fructose, 1.1	KCl, 1.27	110	0.3	12	100	76.7
3	fructose, 1.1	CaCl2, 2.5	110	0.3	12	100	64.8
4	fructose, 1.1	Na2CO3, 1.8	110	0.3	12	78.1	16.8
5	fructose, 1.1	Na2SO4, 2.14	110	0.3	12	35.3	14.1
6	fructose, 1.1	None	110	0.3	12	41.5	21.1
7	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 0.5	110	0.3	12	99.2	74.9
8	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 2	110	0.3	12	100	78.9
9	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	95	0.3	24	84.1	52.8
10	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	130	0.3	6	100	77.1
11	fructose, 0.55	NaCl, 1	110	0.3	24	100	79.8
12	fructose, 0.88	NaCl, 1	110	0.3	24	100	76.5
13	fructose, 0.2	NaCl, 1	110	0.3	24	100	53.8
14	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	110	0.1	24	99.4	53.4
15	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	110	0.2	24	99.7	65.5
16	fructose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	110	0.4	12	100	75.1
17	glucose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	130	0.3	24	65.6	34.4
18	glucose, 1.1	NaCl, 1	145	0.3	24	100	70.7
19	glucose, 1.1	none	145	0.3	24	62.3	27.6

^aSugar amounts in 2 mL aqueous solution.

^bSalt ratio to sugar (w/w).

^cCatalyst ratio to sugar (w/w).