Table 3.
Positive affect, coping, sleep and quality of life
| Pre | Post | 3 months post | 1 year post | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | r | r (CI) | M | SD | r | r (CI) | M | SD | r | r (CI) | |
| PANAS-P | 29.2 | 9.0 | 31.9 | 10.2 | −0.11 | −0.69, 0.56 | 30.5 | 6.9 | 0.16 | −0.49, 0.69 | 32.2 | 8.1 | 0.35 | −0.32, 0.78 |
| COPE | ||||||||||||||
| Self-distraction | 5.50 | 1.89 | 4.91 | 2.17 | −0.28 | −0.75, 0.38 | 4.55 | 2.02 | −0.39 | -0.80, 0.28 | 4.64 | 2.16 | −0.38 | −0.80, 0.28 |
| Active coping | 5.25 | 1.66 | 5.73 | 2.00 | 0.42 | −0.24, 0.81 | 5.64 | 1.86 | 0.13 | −0.51, 0.68 | 6.00 | 1.90 | 0.30 | −0.37, 0.76 |
| Denial | 3.58 | 1.93 | 2.73 | 1.19 | −0.52 | −0.85, 0.12 | 2.64 | 1.50 | −0.51 | −0.85, 0.12 | 2.45 | 0.94 | −0.60 | -−0.88, 0.00 |
| Substance use | 3.17 | 2.12 | 3.27 | 2.05 | 0.00 | −0.60, 0.60 | 3.64 | 1.91 | 0.39 | −0.27, 0.80 | 3.45 | 2.16 | 0.30 | −0.36, 0.76 |
| Emotional support | 4.67 | 2.39 | 5.27 | 1.85 | 0.39 | −0.28, 0.80 | 5.00 | 2.28 | 0.11 | −0.53, 0.66 | 5.55 | 1.81 | 0.34 | −0.33, 0.78 |
| Instrumental support | 4.58 | 2.23 | 4.82 | 1.89 | 0.26 | −0.40, 0.74 | 3.91 | 1.81 | −0.56 | −0.87, 0.06 | 5.09 | 1.64 | 0.16 | −0.48, 0.70 |
| Behavioural disengagement | 4.00 | 1.60 | 3.18 | 1.89 | −0.53 | −0.86, 0.10 | 2.55 | 1.04 | −0.64 | −0.90, −0.07 | 2.82 | 1.17 | −0.60 | −0.88, 0.00 |
| Venting | 4.50 | 1.93 | 3.90 | 1.45 | −0.55 | −0.86, 0.08 | 4.00 | 1.34 | −0.16 | −0.70, 0.48 | 3.91 | 1.70 | −0.26 | −0.74, 0.40 |
| Positive reframe | 4.83 | 1.53 | 5.55 | 1.92 | 0.44 | −0.21, 0.82 | 5.36 | 1.69 | 0.28 | −0.39, 0.75 | 6.27* | 1.62 | 0.61 | 0.01, 0.89 |
| Planning | 4.83 | 1.90 | 5.45 | 2.34 | 0.47 | −0.18, 0.83 | 4.73 | 1.90 | −0.08 | −0.65, 0.55 | 4.91 | 2.02 | 0.00 | −0.60, 0.60 |
| Humour | 4.92 | 2.19 | 5.00 | 2.37 | 0.16 | −0.49, 0.69 | 4.55 | 2.02 | −0.26 | −0.74, 0.40 | 4.73 | 2.24 | −0.20 | −0.71, 0.46 |
| Acceptance | 6.75 | 1.42 | 6.27 | 2.01 | −0.24 | −0.73, 0.42 | 5.82 | 1.47 | −0.57 | −0.87, 0.05 | 6.64 | 2.16 | −0.06 | −0.63, 0.56 |
| Religion | 3.67 | 2.42 | 4.91 | 2.26 | 0.74 | 0.26, 0.93 | 4.36 | 2.11 | 0.46 | −0.19, 0.83 | 4.73 | 2.69 | 0.67 | 0.12, 0.91 |
| Self-blame | 4.42 | 1.56 | 3.91 | 1.51 | −0.28 | −0.75, 0.39 | 3.82 | 1.83 | −0.26 | −0.74, 0.41 | 3.18 | 1.32 | −0.47 | −0.83, 0.18 |
| PSQI Total score | 8.42 | 4.66 | 7.82 | 4.47 | −0.28 | −0.75, 0.39 | 6.36 | 3.70 | −0.34 | −0.78, 0.33 | 6.50 | 3.78 | −0.36 | −0.81, 0.35 |
| WHOQOL | ||||||||||||||
| Physical | 61.1 | 25.1 | 64.3 | 28.1 | −0.07 | −0.70, 0.62 | 65.6 | 22.5 | 0.00 | −0.70, 0.70 | 64.3 | 28.3 | −0.18 | −0.79, 0.60 |
| Psychological | 52.7 | 26.8 | 60.7 | 24.3 | 0.28 | −0.47, 0.80 | 52.6 | 25.0 | −0.24 | −0.81, 0.56 | 56.5 | 17.6 | 0.00 | −0.70, 0.70 |
| Social | 61.1 | 26.4 | 67.7 | 36.0 | 0.23 | −0.52, 0.77 | 58.3 | 32.1 | −0.40 | −0.86, 0.42 | 62.5 | 31.2 | 0.00 | −0.70, 0.70 |
| Environmental | 70.1 | 17.9 | 69.1 | 21.5 | −0.03 | −0.68, 0.65 | 67.2 | 23.8 | −0.42 | −0.87, 0.41 | 66.0 | 19.8 | −0.48 | −0.89, 0.34 |
Pre n = 12 (except WHOQOL n = 9); post n = 11 (except PANAS-P n = 10; WHOQOL n = 8); 3-months n = 11 (except WHOQOL n = 8); 1-year n = 11 (except PSQI n = 10; WHOQOL n = 8)
PANAS-P positive subscale of the positive and negative affect scale. PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index WHOQOL brief version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Instrument. r is effect size (r = Z/√ (N), where Z is the standardised test statistic from a Wilcoxon signed-rank test and N is the sample size. r (CI) is 95% confidence interval for r. A positive r indicates an increase in positive affect on the PANAS-P, an increase in quality of life on the WHOQOL and an increase in use of each coping strategy on the COPE. A negative r indicates improvement in sleep on the PSQI