Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author, year, country | Design | Follow-up | N | Exposure (N) | Outcome measure (n) | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Furukawa, 1998
Japan |
CC | – | 347 | Parental separation or death at age < 16 (113) | Schizophrenia DSMIII-R (225) |
Men OR Dad loss: 0.84 (0.25–2.86) Mum loss: 0.44 (0.12–1.62) Women OR Dad loss: 1.23 (0.50–3.01) Mum loss: 1.61 (0.52–4.96) |
| Hansagi, 2000
Sweden |
Cohort | 19 years | 47,033 | Parental separation at age < 21 (4,914) | Schizophrenia ICD8 (295) |
RR: 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| Morgan, 2007
UK |
CC | – | 781 | Parental separation or child abandonment at age < 16 (240) | Psychosis ICD10 (390) |
OR: 2.45 (1.66–3.59) |
| Rubino, 2009
Italy |
CC | – | 483 | Parental separation at age < 17 (173) | Schizophrenia DSM 4 (173) |
OR: 5.54 (2.23–13.74) |
| Stilo, 2013
UK |
CC | – | 504 | Parental separation or child abandonment at age < 17 (165) | Psychosis ICD10 (278) |
OR: 1.84 (1.21–2.80) |
| Trotta, 2015
UK |
CC | – | 541 | Parental separation at age < 17 (248) | Psychosis ICD10 (285) |
OR: 1.96 (1.322–.91), p = 0.001 |
| Bjorkenstam, 2016
Sweden |
Cohort | 24 years | 10,7704 | Parental separation at age 3–14 (23,265) | Psychosis ICD10 (400) |
HR: 1.8 (1.5–2.2) |
| Shevlin, 2016
Denmark |
Cohort | 22 years | 58,690 | Parental separation or death at age < 10 (16,908) | Psychosis aged 10–21 ICD10 (389) |
OR: 1.44 (1.14–1.81) |
| Stilo, 2017
UK |
CC | – | 634 | Parental separation or child abandonment at age < 17 (281) | Psychosis ICD10 (332) |
OR: 2.43 (1.64–3.58) |
| McGrath, 2017
Belgium, Brazil, China, Iraq, Colombia, USA, France, Peru, Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Romania, Spain |
CS | 23,998 | Parental separation at age < 18 (1,320) | Psychosis CIDI (1,661) |
OR: 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | |
| Merikukka, 2018
Finland |
Cohort | 26 years | 58,739 | Parental separation at age < 16 (13,294) | Schizophrenia ICD10 (229) |
OR: 1.28 (0.95–1.71) |
| Zhang, 2019
China |
Cohort | 3 years | 6,198 | Parental separation at age < 18 | Psychosis MINI |
OR: 8.35 (0.40–175.02) |
Abbreviations: CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CC, case–control study; CS, cross-sectional study; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; MINI, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.