Table 2.
Explanatory model with risk factors for pleural effusion recurrence requiring intervention in patients with biopsy proof or strong clinical evidence of metastatic disease with censoring at 100 days
| Covariate | HR | Univariate model | P-value | Multivariate model (n = 967) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |||||
| Age | 1.001 | 0.995 | 1.008 | 0.6630 | ||||
| Male | 0.912 | 0.760 | 1.095 | 0.3248 | ||||
| ECOG at baseline | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 1.000 | |||||||
| 2–4 | 1.132 | 0.914 | 1.402 | 0.2562‡ | ||||
| Borg at baseline | 1.041 | 0.951 | 1.139 | 0.3834 | ||||
| Cancer type | ||||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.330 | 0.988 | 1.792 | 0.0603 | ||||
| Solid non-lung | 1.486 | 1.161 | 1.901 | 0.0016 | ||||
| Liquid tumour | 1.000 | |||||||
| CHF present | 1.054 | 0.765 | 1.452 | 0.7479 | ||||
| Ascites present | 0.805 | 0.586 | 1.106 | 0.1803† | ||||
| High clinical suspicion of pneumonia | 0.799 | 0.654 | 0.977 | 0.0284† | ||||
| Chemotherapy within 30 days prior to tap | 0.985 | 0.816 | 1.189 | 0.8742 | ||||
| Radiation within 30 days prior to tap | 1.076 | 0.814 | 1.423 | 0.6073 | ||||
| Chemotherapy within 30 day after tap | 1.054 | 0.870 | 1.277 | 0.5932 | ||||
| Radiation within 30 days after tap | 1.306 | 0.992 | 1.719 | 0.0574† | ||||
| Surgery within 30 days prior to tap | 0.761 | 0.475 | 1.219 | 0.2552 | ||||
| Right-sided effusion present | 1.002 | 0.834 | 1.204 | 0.9859 | ||||
| Contralateral effusion present | 0.737 | 0.610 | 0.890 | 0.0015† | ||||
| Duration of effusion prior to thoracentesis (per 10 days increments) | 0.995 | 0.985 | 1.005 | 0.3407 | ||||
| Size of the effusion on chest X-ray | ||||||||
| (1) Blunting of costophrenic angle | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
| (2) Above 1 and up to the vascular pedicle | 1.405 | 0.914 | 2.159 | 0.1215 | 1.254 | 0.814 | 1.933 | 0.3040 |
| (3) Above 2 and up to the top of the cardiac silhouette | 2.463 | 1.623 | 3.737 | <0.0001 | 1.843 | 1.211 | 2.803 | 0.0043 |
| (4) Above the cardiac silhouette | 3.711 | 2.415 | 5.702 | <0.0001 | 2.224 | 1.429 | 3.460 | 0.0004 |
| Amount of fluid drained (100 mL increments) | 1.082 | 1.067 | 1.098 | <0.0001† | 1.061 | 1.044 | 1.078 | <0.0001 |
| Fluid LDH (100 unit/L increments) | 1.008 | 1.006 | 1.011 | <0.0001† | 1.008 | 1.004 | 1.011 | <0.0001 |
| Fluid protein (1 g/dL increments) | 1.068 | 1.031 | 1.106 | 0.0003† | ||||
| Fluid cholesterol(1 mg/dL) | 1.009 | 1.005 | 1.012 | <0.0001† | ||||
| Fluid triglycerides (10 mg/dL increments) | 1.002 | 0.991 | 1.014 | 0.6652 | ||||
| Cytology negative | 0.442 | 0.364 | 0.536 | <0.0001† | 0.526 | 0.431 | 0.640 | <0.0001 |
†
P-value < 0.2 based on univariate analysis.
‡
P-value < 0.2 based on univariate analysis, but more than 20% values were missing. This variable was not included in the multivariable model due to too many missing values.
CHF, congestive heart failure; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HR, hazard ratio.