Table 1. Characteristics of 8 eligible studies included in the systematic review.
| Author (Year) | Study design, Setting | N | Age (Years) |
Gender | Prevalence of S. haematobium | Prevalence of HIV | UGS confirmatory Laboratory testing | HIV confirmatory laboratory testing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kallestrup et al (2005) | Cross-sectional, Rural Zimbabwe |
1545 | >18 | Men and women | 43.4% | 26.3% | Microscopic examination of fixed volume urine samples filtered on Nytrel filters | Rapid HIV-1/2 test kit (Determine) and confirmation was done with Oraquick or Capillus. |
| Kjetland et al (2006) | Cross-sectional, Rural Zimbabwe |
445 | 20–49 | Women | 46% | 29% | Urine samples examined for S. haematobium ova. A single terminal-spined ovum gave a positive diagnosis in Pap smears, wet mounts or biopsies of genital tissue |
HIV 1 serological tests |
| Ndhlovu et al, (2007) | Cross-sectional, Rural Zimbabwe |
544 | 15–49 | women | 40% | 29% | urine samples collected on three consecutive days. Urine specimens examined by the filtration technique | Genelavia Mixt HIV-1/2 ELISA. The second test was the Recombigen HIV-1/2 enzyme immunoassay |
| Yirenya—Tawiah et al (2009) | Cross-sectional, Ghana (Rural—Volta Basin) | 331 | 20–49 | Women | 10.3% | 7.9% | At least one schistosome ovum detected in cervical biopsy tissue | Determine HIV—1/2 Test and an immunochromatographic test |
| Downs et al (2011) | Cross-sectional, Rural Tanzania | 457 | 18–50 | Women | 5% | 5.9% | A single urine sample filtered and examined microscopically for Schistosoma ova. Abnormal cervical lesions biopsied. Specimens stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for histopathological examination and Trypan Blue to examine for Schistosoma ova using the crush technique | Rapid test (SD Bioline) |
| Kleppa et al (2015) | Cross-sectional, Urban South Africa |
752 |
>16 | Women | 31% | 16.1% |
Schistosoma eggs in urine counted by microscopy |
Bioline Rapid Test HIV and confirmatory Sensa Tri- Line HIV Test Kit. |
| Downs et al (2017) | Cross-sectional, Rural Tanzania |
674 | 18–50 | Men | 53.6% | 6.3% |
S. haematobium ova in urine and/or OR CAA 30 pg/mL in an S. haematobium endemic region in an individual with no S. mansoni ova in stool. |
Rapid tests (SD Bioline) were used with confirmatory testing for positive samples (Unigold) as per the national testing algorithm. |
| Wall et al (2018) | Nested case-control, Rural Zambia | 2145 | >18 | Men and women | 59% | 55.7% | A positive SWAP antibody response. Immunoblot testing using species-specific antigens to distinguish between S. mansoni and S. haematobium antibodies | Rapid HIV antibody testing, ELISA and RNA polymerase chain reaction. |