Table 2.
Associations between schistosomiasis and the risk of HIV‐1 acquisition
| Serodiscordant couples cohorts | Bivariate | Multivariable model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV SC/Total (%) | OR | 95% CI | p | aOR a | 95% CI | p | ||
| Active schistosome infection | ||||||||
| All participants | ||||||||
| Noschistosomiasis | 193/764 (25) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Schistosomiasis b | 52/194 (27) | 1.08 | 0.76 to 1.55 | 0.660 | 1.08 | 0.73 to 1.60 | 0.700 | |
| Males | ||||||||
| No schistosomiasis | 86/425 (20) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Schistosomiasis b | 31/139 (22) | 1.13 | 0.71 to 1.80 | 0.602 | 0.99 | 0.59 to 1.67 | 0.981 | |
| Females | ||||||||
| No schistosomiasis | 107/339 (32) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Schistosomiasis b | 21/55 (38) | 1.34 | 0.74 to 2.42 | 0.333 | 1.21 | 0.64 to 2.30 | 0.552 | |
| FSW cohort | HIV SC/Total (%) | IRR | 95% CI | p | aIRR c | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active schistosome infection | |||||||
| Females | |||||||
| No schistosomiasis | 248/1002 (25) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Schistosomiasis b | 82/290 (28) | 1.20 | 0.89 to 1.61 | 0.224 | 1.11 | 0.83 to 1.50 | 0.478 |
| Serodiscordant couples cohorts | Bivariate | Multivariable model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV SC/total (%) | OR | 95% CI | p | aOR a | 95% CI | p | ||
| Active or prior schistosome infection | ||||||||
| All participants | ||||||||
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) negative | 172/653 (26) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) positive | 73/305 (24) | 0.88 | 0.64 to 1.21 | 0.427 | 0.87 | 0.62 to 1.24 | 0.444 | |
| Males | ||||||||
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) negative | 77/355 (22) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) positive | 40/209 (19) | 0.85 | 0.56 to 1.31 | 0.471 | 0.76 | 0.46 to 1.23 | 0.257 | |
| Females | ||||||||
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) negative | 95/298 (32) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – | |
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) positive | 33/96 (34) | 1.12 | 0.69 to 1.82 | 0.650 | 1.04 | 0.62 to 1.74 | 0.891 | |
| FSW cohort | HIV SC/Total (%) | IRR | 95% CI | p | aIRR c | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active or prior schistosome infection | |||||||
| Females | |||||||
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) negative | 205/853 (24) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
| Antibody (anti‐SEA) positive | 125/439 (28) | 1.26 | 0.97 to 1.65 | 0.088 | 1.18 | 0.90 to 1.55 | 0.235 |
CAA, circulating anodic antigen; FSW, female sex worker; SEA, soluble egg antigen.
a
The serodiscordant couples cohorts were adjusted for age, sex, and study/site combination. Male/female subgroup models did not adjust for sex;
b
schistosomiasis: samples with detectable antischistosomal antibodies (anti‐SEA) and schistosome antigens (CAA);
c
the FSW cohort was matched on year of study enrolment (two year bands) and adjusted for age and workplace.