Table 3.
Associations between schistosomiasis infection intensity and the risk of HIV‐1 acquisition
| Serodiscordant couples cohorts | Male and female | Female | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV SC/total (%) | aOR a | 95% CI | p | HIV SC/total (%) | aOR a | 95% CI | p | ||
| No infection b | 172/653 (26) | Ref | – | – | 95/298 (32) | Ref | – | – | |
| Past but not current | 21/111 (19) | 0.66 | 0.39 to 1.12 | 0.127 | 12/41 (29) | 0.86 | 0.41 to 1.80 | 0.681 | |
| Low intensity | 14/54 (26) | 1.00 | 0.52 to 1.94 | 0.996 | 4/15 (27) | 0.69 | 0.23 to 2.08 | 0.506 | |
| Moderate intensity | 21/75 (28) | 1.07 | 0.61 to 1.89 | 0.816 | 9/23 (39) | 1.22 | 0.48 to 3.06 | 0.676 | |
| High intensity | 17/65 (26) | 0.96 | 0.51 to 1.82 | 0.901 | 8/17 (47) | 1.82 | 0.59 to 5.61 | 0.294 | |
| FSW cohort | HIV SC/total (%) | aIRR c | 95% CI | p | HIV SC/total (%) | aIRR c | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No infection b | – | – | – | – | 205/853 (24) | Ref | – | – |
| Past but not current | – | – | – | – | 43/149 (29) | 1.24 | 0.84 to 1.83 | 0.280 |
| Low intensity | – | – | – | – | 20/61 (33) | 1.47 | 0.83 to 2.63 | 0.188 |
| Moderate intensity | – | – | – | – | 32/111 (29) | 1.28 | 0.80 to 2.07 | 0.305 |
| High intensity | – | – | – | – | 30/118 (25) | 0.91 | 0.58 to 1.43 | 0.684 |
CAA, circulating anodic antigen; FSW, female sex worker; SEA, soluble egg antigen.
a
The serodiscordant couples cohorts were adjusted for age, sex and study/site combination. Female subgroup models did not adjust for sex;
b
definition of infection intensity categories: No infection (anti‐SEA negative), past infection (anti‐SEA positive & CAA < 10 pg/mL), low intensity (anti‐SEA positive & CAA 10 to 99 pg/mL), medium intensity (anti‐SEA positive & CAA 100 to 999 pg/mL) and high intensity (anti‐SEA positive & CAA ≥ 1000 pg/mL);
c
the FSW cohort was matched on year of study enrolment (two‐year bands) and adjusted for age and workplace.