Table.
Baseline characteristics in the entire cohort and by requirement of ICU admission
| Entire cohort (n=582) | Not admitted to ICU (n=534) | Admitted to ICU (n=48) | p value | Odds ratio (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 5·0 (0·5–12·0) | 5·5 (0·6–12·0) | 4·0 (0·3–11·0) | 0·20 | 0·9 (0·9–1·0) | |
| <2 | 230 (40%) | 207 (39%) | 23 (48%) | .. | 1·4 (0·8–2·6) | |
| 2–5 | 62 (11%) | 60 (11%) | 2 (4%) | .. | 0·3 (0·1–1·4) | |
| 5–10 | 94 (16%) | 86 (16%) | 8 (17%) | .. | 1·0 (0·4–2·3) | |
| >10 | 196 (34%) | 181 (34%) | 15 (31%) | .. | 0·8 (0·4–1·6) | |
| Age <1 month | 40 (7%) | 33 (6%) | 7 (15%) | 0·027 | 2·5 (1·0–6·2) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 271 (47%) | 256 (48%) | 15 (31%) | .. | 1 (ref) | |
| Male | 311 (53%) | 278 (52%) | 33 (69%) | 0·026 | 2·2 (1·0–3·8) | |
| Pre-existing medical conditions | ||||||
| Any | 145 (25%) | 120 (22%) | 25 (52%) | <0·0001 | 3·7 (2·0–6·8) | |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 10 (2%) | 8 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 0·19 | 2·8 (0·5–13·8) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9 (2%) | 7 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 0·16 | 3·2 (0·6–16·2) | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 29 (5%) | 23 (4%) | 6 (13%) | 0·012 | 3·1 (1·2–8·2) | |
| Congenital heart disease | 25 (4%) | 20 (4%) | 5 (10%) | 0·029 | 2·9 (1·0–8·4) | |
| Malignancy | 27 (5%) | 22 (4%) | 5 (10%) | 0·047 | 2·7 (0·9–7·5) | |
| Neurological disorders | 26 (4%) | 21 (4%) | 5 (10%) | 0·037 | 2·8 (1·0–7·9) | |
| Other | 35 (6%) | 29 (5%) | 6 (13%) | 0·048 | 2·4 (0·9–6·3) | |
| Immunosuppressive therapy* | 29 (5%) | 26 (5%) | 3 (6%) | 0·72 | 1·3 (0·3–4·4) | |
| Known immunodeficiency | 3 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 | 1·00 | .. | |
| Chemotherapy in past 6 months | 25 (4%) | 23 (4%) | 2 (4%) | 1·00 | 0·9 (0·2–4·2) | |
| Signs and symptoms at presentation | ||||||
| Asymptomatic | 92 (16%) | 90 (17%) | 2 (4%) | 0·021 | 0·2 (0·1–0·9) | |
| Pyrexia | 379 (65%) | 339 (63%) | 40 (83%) | 0·0065 | 2·8 (1·3–6·2) | |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 313 (54%) | 288 (54%) | 25 (52%) | 0·80 | 0·9 (0·5–1·6) | |
| Lower respiratory tract infection | 143 (25%) | 108 (20%) | 35 (73%) | <0·0001 | 10·6 (5·4–20·7) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 128 (22%) | 113 (21%) | 15 (31%) | 0·10 | 1·6 (0·8–3·2) | |
| Headache† | 70/255 (28%) | 64/236 (27%) | 6/19 (32%) | 0·67 | 1·2 (0·4–3·4) | |
| Radiological findings | ||||||
| Suggestive of pneumonia | 93/198 (47%) | 65/156 (42%) | 28/42 (67%) | 0·0045 | 2·8 (1·3–5·7) | |
| Suggestive of ARDS | 10/198 (5%) | 0/156 | 10/42 (24%) | <0·0001 | .. | |
| Viral co-infection | 29 (5%) | 22 (4%) | 7 (15%) | 0·0015 | 3·9 (1·6–9·8) | |
Data are n (%), n/N (%), or median (IQR), unless stated otherwise. p values shown are based on univariable analyses, and calculated separately to the odds ratios. Odds ratios refer to the likelihood of admission to ICU, and were not calculated where one of the required values is zero. ICU=intensive care unit. ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome.
*
At diagnosis of COVID-19.
†
Only includes children aged 5 years or older in whom those data were recorded.