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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 25.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Nephrol. 2019 Jan;39(1):85–95. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.10.008

Table 1.

Experimental Evidence for the Effectiveness of Neuroimmunomodulation in AKI and Other Kidney Diseases

Treatment Models Outcomes References
Renal denervation (both sympathetic and afferent neurons) Anti–Thy-1.1 nephritis Decreased urinary albumin, mesangial microaneurysms, and macrophage infiltration 57
SLE Decreased urinary albumin and renal cortical expression of MCP-1 58
UUO/unilateral IRI Decreased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and fibrosis 59, 60
Angiotensin II–induced hypertension Ameliorated hypertension, renal inflammation (T cell infiltration), renal fibrosis, and albuminuria 68
VNS (CAP activation) Bilateral IRI Ameliorated AKI 61
Kidney transplantation Improved long-term renal function and survival of the recipients with decreased immune cell infiltration 62, 63
Pulsed ultrasound (CAP activation) Bilateral IRI/CLP Ameliorated AKI 64, 65
Stimulation of C1 neurons/physical restraint (CAP activation) Bilateral IRI Ameliorated AKI 70
Nicotine/α7nAChR agonists (CAP activation) Bilateral IRI/LPS/cisplatin Ameliorated AKI 65, 83–85

Abbreviations: CLP, cecal ligation and puncture; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.