Table 2. The Cognitive Model of Depression: Linguistic Features associated with Low Mood.

Unhelpful thinking patterns	Description	Linguistic feature
Mental filter	The tendency to dwell on the negatives and discount any positive information.	Negative emotion Positive emotion
All-or-nothing thinking	A rigid ‘black or white’ perception of the world.	Absolutist
Rumination	The endless repetitive process of going over thoughts.	First-person pronouns Causation Insight
Hopelessness	The tendency to expect the worst.	Negative emotion Positive emotion Past-focus Future-focus
Should statements	A very (self-)critical inflexible thinking style.	Discrepancy First-person pronouns

Note. The cognitive model of depression (Beck, 1967).

Linguistic features were taken from the LIWC2015 (Pennebaker et al., 2015) and absolutist (Al-Mosaiwi & Johnstone, 2018) dictionaries.