Table 2.
Means, standard deviations, and associated statistics for the effects of acute concussion on psychological symptoms, kynurenine pathway metabolites, and c-reactive protein
| Measures | BLM (SD) | Early-Acute M (SD) | Late-Acute M (SD) | 8d M (SD) | 15d M (SD) | 45d M (SD) | Group (p-value) | Visit (p-value) | Group by Visit (p-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Priori | ||||||||||
| BSI-GSI (raw score) | SRC | 3.54(6.07) | -- | 5.49(5.86) | 2.27(5.03) | 1.23(3.89) | 0.57(1.99) | 0.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CC | 2.42 (3.13) | -- | 1.23(2.02) | 0.49 (1.00) | 0.76(1.77) | 0.64(1.35) | ||||
| NCC | 3.60(5.45) | -- | 2.07(3.11) | 1.56(3.00) | 1.52(2.94) | 1.50(3.33) | ||||
| ln KynA/3HK | SRC | 0.50(0.33) | 0.65(0.34) | 0.58(0.33) | 0.50(0.34) | 0.51(0.34) | 0.41(0.26) | 0.95 | 0.003 | 0.01 |
| CC | 0.56(0.28) | 0.51 (0.30) | 0.57(0.35) | 0.54(0.34) | 0.53(0.33) | 0.47(0.25) | ||||
| NCC | 0.59(0.33) | 0.55(0.27) | 0.51(0.27) | 0.56(0.30) | 0.51(0.26) | 0.52(0.29) | ||||
| ln KynA/QuinA | SRC | −1.91(0.40) | −1.89(0.47) | −1.96(0.41) | −1.96(0.42) | −1.94(0.39) | −2.03(0.49) | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
| CC | −1.81(0.43) | −1.86(0.37) | −1.91(0.38) | −1.84(0.36) | −1.91(0.37) | −1.85(0.36) | ||||
| NCC | −1.85(0.45) | −1.80(0.39) | −1.92(0.33) | −1.87(0.37) | −1.93(0.40) | −1.84(0.31) | ||||
| ln QuinA (nM) | SRC | 5.96(0.30) | 5.97(0.37) | 5.87(0.32) | 5.94(0.33) | 5.95(0.35) | 5.92(0.40) | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.35 |
| CC | 5.93(0.31) | 5.86(0.29) | 5.86(0.29) | 5.86(0.27) | 5.89(0.29) | 5.85(0.32) | ||||
| NCC | 5.92(0.44) | 5.91(0.29) | 5.90(0.28) | 5.85(0.26) | 5.97(0.36) | 5.86(0.33) | ||||
| Secondary | ||||||||||
| ln KYN (uM) | SRC | 0.77(0.20) | 0.73(0.25) | 0.74(0.27) | 0.76(0.25) | 0.78(0.31) | 0.72(0.24) | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.76 |
| CC | 0.81(0.22) | 0.77(0.22) | 0.73(0.24) | 0.78(0.19) | 0.78(0.20) | 0.75(0.21) | ||||
| NCC | 0.79(0.27) | 0.82(0.20) | 0.80(0.24) | 0.81(0.19) | 0.80(0.20) | 0.77(0.23) | ||||
| ln TRP (uM) | SRC | 4.21(0.25) | 4.18(0.23) | 4.17(0.22) | 4.22(0.24) | 4.21(0.24) | 4.20(0.23) | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.86 |
| CC | 4.20(0.23) | 4.27(0.23) | 4.19(0.21) | 4.24(0.18) | 4.23(0.20) | 4.23(0.20) | ||||
| NCC | 4.22(0.20) | 4.28(0.26) | 4.17(0.24) | 4.22(0.26) | 4.23(0.31) | 4.20(0.30) | ||||
| ln KYN/ TRP | SRC | −3.43(0.23) | −3.44(0.32) | −3.43(0.30) | −3.47(0.32) | −3.43(0.30) | −3.48(0.33) | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.72 |
| CC | −3.39(0.24) | −3.49(0.23) | −3.46(0.24) | −3.46(0.20) | −3.46(0.22) | −3.48(0.21) | ||||
| NCC | −3.42(0.30) | −3.46(0.28) | −3.37(0.28) | −3.46(0.24) | −3.43(0.32) | −3.44(0.24) | ||||
| ln KynA (nM) | SRC | 4.04(0.41) | 4.07(0.31) | 3.92(0.29) | 3.98(0.31) | 4.01(0.30) | 3.89(0.33) | 0.70 | 0.002* | 0.55 |
| CC | 4.00(0.37) | 4.00(0.38) | 3.94(0.37) | 4.03(0.37) | 3.98(0.37) | 4.00(0.33) | ||||
| NCC | 4.07(0.28) | 4.11(0.38) | |3.98(0.35) | 3.98(0.44) | 4.04(0.40) | 4.01(0.41) | ||||
| ln 3HK (nM) | SRC | 3.55(0.32) | 43.42(0.34) | 3.34(0.31) | 3.48(0.35) | 3.50(0.32) | 3.49 (0.29) | 0.85 | <0.001* | 0.13 |
| CC | 3.56(0.30) | 3.49(0.32) | 3.37(0.33) | 3.49(0.24) | 3.45(0.32) | 3.53(0.26) | ||||
| NCC | 3.48(0.33) | 3.56(0.37) | 3.47(0.35) | 3.42(0.37) | 3.53(0.42) | 3.49(0.37) | ||||
| ln CRP (mg/L) | SRC | −0.60(1.44) | −0.26(1.41) | −0.22(1.38) | 0.71(1.50) | −0.50(1.50) | −0.53(1.50) | 0.006* | 0.26 | 0.67 |
| CC | −0.51(1.20) | −0.37(1.54) | −0.48(1.63) | −0.53(1.42) | −0.41(1.29) | −0.75(1.45) | ||||
| NCC | −1.40(1.36) | −1.24(1.40) | −1.31(1.46) | −1.32(1.23) | −1.17(1.51) | −1.10(1.54) | ||||
Note. ln = natural log, SRC = sport-related concussion, CC= contact control, NCC= noncontact Control, BL= baseline visit, 8d= 8-day visit, 15d= 15-day visit, 45d= 45-day visit, BSI-GSI= Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index, KynA= kynurenic acid, 3HK= 3-hydroxykynurenine, QuinA= quinolinic acid, KYN= Kynurenine, TRP= tryptophan, nM = nanomolar, uM = micromolar, mg/L = milligram per liter.
*
Indicates significant effects for secondary analyses with Bonferroni correction.