Table 3.
Means, standard deviations, and associated statistics for the effects of acute concussion in contact sport athletes subdivided based on prior concussion history on psychological symptoms,kynurenine pathway metabolites, and c-reactive protein
| Group by Visit (p-value) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Priori | ||||||||||
| BSI-GSI (raw score) | SRC− | 2.93(3.87) | -- | 6.28(6.04) | 1.54(2.28) | 0.90(2.30) | 0.38(1.32) | 0.04 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SRC+ | 4.13(7.64) | -- | 4.83(5.71) | 2.84(6.39) | 1.48(4.82) | 0.74(2.47) | ||||
| CC− | 2.39(2.97) | -- | 1.06(1.65) | 0.43(0.73) | 0.66(1.47) | 0.68(1.39) | ||||
| CC+ | 2.45(3.47) | -- | 2.45(3.47) | 0.57(1.32) | 0.90(2.17) | 0.59(1.32) | ||||
| ln KynA/3HK | SRC− | 0.57(0.36) | 0.75(0.36) | 0.67(0.34) | 0.53(0.38) | 0.61(0.34) | 0.47(0.27) | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
| SRC+ | 0.42(0.29) | 0.55(0.30) | 0.50(0.31) | 0.47(0.32) | 0.44(0.32) | 0.34(0.24) | ||||
| CC− | 0.52(0.29) | 0.47(0.31) | 0.51(0.34) | 0.51(0.36) | 0.54(0.35) | 0.42(0.24) | ||||
| CC+ | 0.61(0.26) | 0.58(0.32) | 0.65(0.37) | 0.58(0.31) | 0.51(0.30) | 0.55(0.26) | ||||
| ln KynA/QuinA | SRC− | −1.82(0.43) | −1.69(0.50) | −1.81(0.44) | −1.86(0.41) | −1.86(0.38) | −1.93(0.53) | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
| SRC+ | −2.00(0.34) | −2.13(0.32) | −2.08(0.33) | −2.04(0.42) | −1.99(0.39) | −2.12(0.43) | ||||
| CC− | −1.85(0.46) | −1.92(0.38) | −1.99(0.38) | −1.88(0.35) | −1.93(0.39) | −1.91(0.34) | ||||
| CC+ | −1.76(0.37) | −1.75(0.34) | −1.81(0.36) | −1.78(0.38) | −1.88(0.34) | −1.74(0.36) | ||||
| ln QuinA (nM) | SRC− | 5.91(0.34) | 5.85(0.43) | 5.75(0.35) | 5.82(0.36) | 5.81(0.35) | 5.80(0.47) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.40 |
| SRC+ | 6.00(0.25) | 6.09(0.26) | 5.98(0.26) | 6.03(0.28) | 6.05(0.32) | 6.03(0.32) | ||||
| CC− | 5.92(0.34) | 5.84(0.31) | 5.83(0.32) | 5.85(0.29) | 5.89(0.30) | 5.85(0.35) | ||||
| CC+ | 5.93(0.26) | 5.89(0.25) | 5.90(0.26) | 5.89 (0.25) | 5.90(0.27) | 5.85(0.30) | ||||
| Secondary | ||||||||||
| ln KYN (uM) | SRC− | 0.77(0.20) | 0.69(0.31) | 0.68(0.29) | 0.69(0.27) | 0.69(0.29) | 0.66(0.28) | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.36 |
| SRC+ | 0.78(0.20) | 0.78(0.16) | 0.78(0.24) | 0.81(0.23) | 0.84(0.31) | 0.77(0.18) | ||||
| CC− | 0.82(0.24) | 0.75(0.23 | 0.69(0.23) | 0.77(0.19) | 0.76(0.22) | 0.72(0.22) | ||||
| CC+ | 0.78(0.19) | 0.80(0.22) | 0.78(0.25) | 0.80(0.20) | 0.80(0.18) | 0.79(0.20) | ||||
| ln TRP(uM) | SRC− | 4.21(0.27) | 4.17(0.20) | 4.16(0.24) | 4.20(0.25) | 4.15(0.22) | 4.13(0.27) | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.39 |
| SRC+ | 4.21(0.24) | 4.19(0.26) | 4.17(0.20) | 4.24(0.23) | 4.26(0.25) | 4.26(0.16) | ||||
| CC− | 4.21(0.25) | 4.25(0.23) | 4.16(0.18) | 4.23(0.18) | 4.24(0.19) | 4.24(0.19) | ||||
| CC+ | 4.19(0.22) | 4.29(0.24) | 4.23(0.24) | 4.26(0.17) | 4.22(0.21) | 4.22(0.23) | ||||
| ln KYN/TRP | SRC− | −3.44(0.26) | −3.48(0.34) | −3.48(0.33) | −3.51(0.34) | −3.46(0.36) | −3.47(0.43) | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.54 |
| SRC+ | −3.43(0.20) | −3.41(0.30) | −3.39(0.27) | −3.44(0.29) | −3.41(0.26) | −3.49(0.21) | ||||
| CC− | −3.38(0.26) | −3.50(0.24) | −3.48(0.24) | −3.46(0.20) | −3.48(0.25) | −3.52(0.23) | ||||
| CC+ | −3.41(0.20) | −3.48(0.24) | −3.44(0.24) | −3.47(0.21) | −3.42(0.16) | −3.43(0.18) | ||||
| ln KynA (nM) | SRC− | 4.09(0.44) | 4.17(0.32) | 3.94(0.29) | 3.95(0.23) | 3.95(0.28) | 3.89(0.30) | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| SRC+ | 4.00(0.37) | 3.97(0.26) | 3.90(0.30) | 4.00(0.37) | 4.06(0.31) | 3.91(0.36) | ||||
| CC− | 4.04(0.34) | 3.92(0.40) | 3.84(0.37) | 3.97(0.36) | 3.96(0.38) | 3.93(0.32) | ||||
| CC+ | 3.96(0.40) | 4.13(0.32) | 4.09(0.32) | 4.11(0.37) | 4.01(0.35) | 4.11(0.33) | ||||
| ln 3HK (nM) | SRC− | 3.52(0.28) | 3.42(0.37) | 3.28(0.33) | 3.42(0.39) | 3.34(0.31) | 3.40(0.23) | 0.20 | <0.001* | 0.68 |
| SRC+ | 3.58(0.35) | 3.42(0.33) | 3.39(0.29) | 3.53(0.32) | 3.62(0.27) | 3.56(0.32) | ||||
| CC− | 3.55(0.37) | 3.45(0.34) | 3.33(0.30) | 3.45(0.22) | 3.42(0.31) | 3.52(0.27) | ||||
| CC+ | 3.56(0.24) | 3.56(0.29) | 3.44(0.38) | 3.54(0.26) | 3.50(0.32) | 3.56(0.24) | ||||
| ln CRP (mg/L) | SRC− | −0.72(1.46) | −0.53(1.53) | −0.64(1.30) | −1.06(1.43) | −1.08(1.11) | −0.62(1.44) | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.26 |
| SRC+ | −0.49(1.44) | 0.04(1.22) | 0.13(1.37) | −0.44(1.51) | −0.07(1.61) | −0.44(1.58) | ||||
| CC− | −0.28(1.15) | −0.34(1.38) | −0.46(1.45) | −0.54(1.24) | −0.28(1.25) | −1.11(1.47) | ||||
| CC+ | −0.87(1.23) | −0.41(1.81) | −0.50(1.89) | −0.52(1.69) | −0.59(1.35) | −1.10(1.54) | ||||
Note: ln = natural log, SRC = sport-related concussion, CC= contact control, NCC= noncontact control, + = with prior concussion, − = without prior concussion, BL= baseline visit, 8d= 8-day visit, 15d= 15-day visit, 45d= 45-day visit, BSI-GSI= Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index, KynA= kynurenic acid, 3HK= 3-hydroxykynurenine, QuinA= quinolinic acid, KYN= Kynurenine, TRP= tryptophan, nM = nanomolar, uM = micromolar, mg/L = milligram per liter.
*
Indicates significant effects for secondary analyses with Bonferroni correction.