Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of maintenance hemodialysis patients between suspected of COVID-19 and uninfected with COVID-19
| Parameters | Total (n = 244) | Suspected of COVID-19 (n = 46) | Uninfected with COVID-19 (n = 198) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 244 (100) | 46 (18.9) | 198 (81.1) | |
| Age | 0.627b | |||
| Mean, years | 55.0 | 60.0 | 55.0 | |
| Standard deviation | 43.3–67.0 | 44.8–66.0 | 43.0–68.0 | |
| Range, years | 13–86 | 23–81 | 13–86 | |
| Sex | 0.773a | |||
| Male, n (%) | 160 (65.6) | 31 (67.4) | 129 (65.2) | |
| Female, n (%) | 84 (34.4) | 15 (32.6) | 69 (34.8) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | 7 (2.9) | 3 (6.5) | 4 (2.0) | 0.247d |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (8.7) | 0 | 0.001**e |
| Cough, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 0.035*e |
| Expectoration, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 0.035*e |
| No obvious symptoms, n (%) | 234 (95.9) | 40 (87.0) | 194 (98.0) | 0.003**d |
| Primary disease | ||||
| Chronic nephritis, n (%) | 176 (72.1) | 28 (60.9) | 148 (74.7) | 0.059a |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 14 (5.7) | 2 (4.3) | 12 (6.1) | 0.922d |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 32 (13.1) | 10 (21.7) | 22 (11.1) | 0.054a |
| Obstructive nephropathy, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 0.035*e |
| Polycystic kidney, n (%) | 6 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (3.0) | 0.598e |
| Gouty nephropathy, n (%) | 6 (2.5) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (2.0) | 0.697d |
| Lupus nephritis, n (%) | 7 (2.9) | 2 (4.3) | 5 (2.5) | 0.860d |
| Other, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | >0.9999e |
| Any comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 216 (88.5) | 28 (60.9) | 188 (94.9) | <0.0001****,a |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 43 (17.6) | 12 (26.1) | 31 (15.7) | 0.094a |
| Coronary atherosclerotic, n (%) | 16 (6.6) | 4 (8.7) | 12 (6.1) | 0.749d |
| Heart disease, n (%) | ||||
| Heart failure | 5 (2.0) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (1.0) | 0.072d |
| Gout | 9 (3.7) | 2 (4.3) | 7 (3.5) | 0.864d |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.0) | >0.9999e |
| Renal transplantation | 6 (2.5) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (2.0) | 0.697d |
| Tumor, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | >0.9999e |
| Chronic hepatitis B virus, n (%) | 10 (4.1) | 4 (8.7) | 6 (3.0) | 0.183d |
| Chronic hepatitis C virus, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (1.0) | >0.9999e |
| Syphilis, n (%) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (4.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0.092e |
| HIV infection, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
| Gallbladder stone disease, n (%) | 14 (5.7) | 5 (10.9) | 9 (4.5) | 0.190d |
| Mode of dialysis | <0.0001a | |||
| HD | 72 (29.6) | 7 (15.2) | 65 (33.0) | |
| HDF | 25 (10.3) | 3 (6.5) | 22 (11.2) | |
| HD+HDF | 138 (56.8) | 29 (63.0) | 109 (55.3) | |
| HD+HP | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 | |
| HD+HDF+HP | 7 (2.9) | 6 (13.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell count, median (IQR), 109/L | 5.7 (4.7–6.7) | 6.3 (5.2–7.1) | 5.5 (4.7–6.7) | 0.121b |
| Neutrophil ratio, median (IQR), % | 69.6 (64.1–74.3) | 73.0 (68.1–78.3) | 68.7 (63.5–73.7) | 0.017* b |
| Neutrophil count, median (IQR), 109/L | 4.0 (3.2–4.7) | 4.5 (3.7–5.0) | 3.8 (3.1–4.6) | 0.038*, b |
| Lymphocyte ratio, mean (SD), % | 19.2 (7.0) | 14.9 (5.5) | 20.1 (6.9) | 0.001**, c |
| Lymphocyte count, median (IQR), 109/L | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.033*, b |
| Monocyte ratio, median (IQR), % | 7.5 (6.3–9.1) | 7.7 (6.7–9.3) | 7.4 (6.1–8.9) | 0.330b |
| Monocyte count, median (IQR), 109/L | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.113b |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | 114.8 (18.0) | 112.7 (20.4) | 115.3 (17.5) | 0.538c |
| Platelet, mean (SD), 109/L | 173.8 (58.6) | 172.5 (52.6) | 174.1 (60.0) | 0.904c |
| Alanine aminotransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 8.0 (5.0–12.0) | 12.0 (6.0–18.0) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | 0.022*, b |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 12.0 (8.0–17.0) | 14.0 (8.0–17.0) | 11.5 (8.3–16.8) | 0.695b |
| Total protein, mean (SD), g/L | 67.4 (4.8) | 67.0 (5.3) | 67.5 (4.7) | 0.720c |
| Albumin, mean (SD), g/L | 39.2 (4.3) | 38.6 (5.5) | 39.4 (4.0) | 0.545c |
| Globulin, mean (SD), g/L | 28.2 (4.3) | 28.3 (3.8) | 28.2 (4.4) | 0.895c |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, median (IQR), U/L | 196.5 (174.5–240.5) | 227.0 (208.8–249.3) | 187.5 (170.0–235.3) | 0.012*, b |
| Alkaline phosphatase, median (IQR), U/L | 80.0 (66.5–96.0) | 83.0 (61.3–103.8) | 80.0 (68.0–95.0) | 0.921b |
| Potassium, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.2 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.8) | 0.562c |
| Phosphorus, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.8) | 0.437c |
| hCRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 1.8 (0.7–4.4) | 2.4 (1.4–10.4) | 1.6 (0.7–4.1) | 0.151b |
| Parathyroid hormone, median (IQR), pg/mL | 306.5 (188.2–552.7) | 292.0 (234.3–573.6) | 315.3 (187.0–552.7) | 0.889b |
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median (25th–75th percentile) or n (%). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; HD, hemodialysis, HDF, hemodiafiltration, HP, hemo-perfusion; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; hCRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein.
a
χ2 test.
b
Mann-Whitney U test.
c
t test.
d
χ2 with Yates' correction.
e
Fisher's exact test.