Table 2.
Comparison of demographics and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 positive group and SARS-CoV-2 negative group in suspected COVID-19 maintenance hemodialysis patients
| Parameters | All patients (n = 46) | SARS-CoV-2 positive (n = 7) | SARS-CoV-2 negative (n = 39) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.994b | |||
| Median, years | 60.0 | 59.0 | 60.0 | |
| IQR, years | 44.8–66.0 | 48.0–66.0 | 44.0–70.0 | |
| Range, years | 23–81 | 39–66 | 39–66 | |
| Sex | 0.849d | |||
| Male, n (%) | 31 (67.4) | 4 (57.1) | 27 (69.2) | |
| Female, n (%) | 15 (32.6) | 3 (42.9) | 12 (30.8) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (5.1) | 0.398e |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 4 (8.7) | 0 | 4 (10.3) | >0.9999e |
| Cough, n (%) | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| Expectoration, n (%) | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| No obvious symptoms, n (%) | 40 (87.0) | 6 (85.7) | 34 (87.2) | >0.9999e |
| Dry weight, median (IQR), kg | 59.0 (43.4–66.4) | 57.7 (37.3–67.9) | 59.0 (43.0–66.3) | 0.877b |
| CT findings | ||||
| Unilateral lung, n (%) | 16 (34.8) | 3 (42.9) | 13 (33.3) | 0.955d |
| Bilateral lung, n (%) | 30 (65.2) | 4 (57.1) | 26 (66.7) | 0.955d |
| Lobes | ||||
| One lobes, n (%) | 13 (28.3) | 2 (28.6) | 11 (28.2) | 0.663d |
| Two lobes, n (%) | 8 (17.4) | 0 | 8 (20.5) | 0.325e |
| Three lobes, n (%) | 6 (13.0) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (12.8) | >0.9999e |
| Four lobes, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| Five lobes, n (%) | 17 (37.0) | 4 (57.1) | 13 (33.3) | 0.438d |
| Involved lung zones | ||||
| Upper lobes, n (%) | 37 (80.4) | 5 (71.4) | 32 (82.1) | 0.893d |
| Middle lobes, n (%) | 24 (52.2) | 5 (71.4) | 19 (48.7) | 0.486d |
| Lower lobes, n (%) | 35 (76.1) | 7 (100) | 28 (71.8) | 0.171e |
| Subpleural lesions, n (%) | 7 (15.2) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.619d |
| Ground-glass opacity, n (%) | 19 (41.3) | 3 (42.9) | 16 (41.0) | 0.744d |
| Lymphadenopathy, n (%) | 14 (30.4) | 4 (57.1) | 10 (25.6) | 0.222d |
| Pulmonary bullae, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| Emphysema, n (%) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (5.1) | 0.398e |
| Pulmonary edema, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| Pleural thickening, n (%) | 14 (30.4) | 4 (57.1) | 10 (25.6) | 0.222d |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 14 (30.4) | 3 (42.9) | 11 (28.2) | 0.742d |
| Unilateral, n (%) | 7 (15.2) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.619d |
| Bilateral, n (%) | 7 (15.2) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (12.8) | 0.619d |
| Aortic calcification, n (%) | 26 (56.5) | 2 (28.6) | 24 (61.3) | 0.228d |
| Coronary artery calcification, n (%) | 26 (56.5) | 3 (42.9) | 23 (59.0) | 0.705d |
| Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 12 (26.1) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (20.5) | 0.118d |
| Left atrial enlargement, n (%) | 12 (26.1) | 3 (42.9) | 9 (23.1) | 0.529d |
| Left ventricular enlargement, n (%) | 11 (23.9) | 3 (42.9) | 8 (20.5) | 0.427d |
| Any comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 23 (50.0) | 3 (42.9) | 20 (51.3) | >0.9999d |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 11 (23.9) | 3 (42.9) | 8 (20.5) | 0.427d |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 4 (8.7) | 0 | 4 (10.3) | >0.9999e |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
| Chronic hepatitis B virus, n (%) | 4 (8.7) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (7.7) | 0.496e |
| Chronic hepatitis C virus, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
| Syphilis, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | >0.9999e |
| HIV infection, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
| Gallbladder stone disease, n (%) | 5 (10.9) | 0 | 5 (12.8) | >0.9999e |
| Dialysis | ||||
| Dialysis route | >0.9999d | |||
| Arteriovenous fistula, n (%) | 27 (64.3) | 5 (71.4) | 22 (56.4) | |
| Central venous catheters, n (%) | 15 (35.7) | 2 (28.6) | 13 (33.3) | |
| Mode of dialysis | 0.682a | |||
| HD, n (%) | 7 (15.2) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (15.4) | |
| HDF, n (%) | 3 (6.5) | 0 | 3 (7.7) | |
| HD+HDF, n (%) | 29 (63.0) | 4 (57.1) | 25 (64.1) | |
| HD+HP, n (%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | |
| HD+HDF+HP, n (%) | 6 (13.0) | 2 (28.6) | 4 (10.3) | |
| Anticoagulant used in hemodialysis | >0.9999e | |||
| Heparin, n (%) | 40 (95.2) | 7 (100) | 33 (84.6) | |
| No heparin, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 0 | 2 (5.7) | |
| Dehydration, mean (SD), L | 2.2 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.3 (1.1) | 0.250c |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell count, median (IQR), 109/L | 6.3 (5.2–7.1) | 5.4 (2.6–6.4) | 6.5 (5.5–7.9) | 0.151b |
| Neutrophil ratio, median (IQR), % | 73.0 (68.1–78.3) | 77.0 (64.5–87.8) | 72.8 (68.1–75.3) | 0.442b |
| Neutrophil count, median (IQR), 109/L | 4.5 (3.7–5.0) | 4.4 (1.9–5.0) | 4.5 (3.7–5.0) | 0.585b |
| Lymphocyte ratio, mean (SD), % | 14.9 (5.5) | 13.2 (5.4) | 15.3 (5.6) | 0.494c |
| Lymphocyte count, median (IQR), 109/L | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.5 (0.4–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.051b |
| Monocyte ratio, median (IQR), % | 7.7 (6.7–9.3) | 8.6 (3.5–16.3) | 7.5 (6.7–8.9) | 0.606b |
| Monocyte count, median (IQR), 109/L | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.471b |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | 112.7 (20.4) | 114.0 (10.5) | 112.4 (22.3) | 0.891c |
| Platelet, mean (SD), 109/L | 172.5 (52.6) | 134.0 (23.3) | 181.0 (53.9) | 0.108c |
| Potassium, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.2 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.5) | 5.2 (0.8) | 0.938c |
| Phosphorus, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.4) | 2.0 (0.6) | 0.257c |
Values are expressed as mean (SD), median (25th–75th percentile) or n (%). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; HD, hemodialysis, HDF, hemodiafiltration, HP, hemoperfusion.
a
χ2 test.
b
Mann-Whitney U test.
c
t test.
d
χ2 with Yates' correction.
e
Fisher's exact test.