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. 2020 Jun 25;11(6):485. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2696-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Oncolytic viruses that express immunomodulatory transgenes are administered to the host by systemic vascular delivery or orthotopic injection. Systemic injection of OVs can be neutralized by Abs and blocked by the blood–brain barrier, and the OVs administered by orthotopic injection are engulfed and destroyed by activated immune cells, limiting viral spread in GBM tissues. In addition, GSCs and Gb-MSCs in the tumor microenvironment may be resistant to viral infection, which decreases therapeutic efficacy.