Fig. 4. Relationship between French clusters and three ancient populations: western hunter-gatherers (WHG), early Neolithic farmers (EF), and Steppe pastoralists (SP).
(a) Outgroup f3-statistics of the form f3(Mbuti; Ancient population, French clusters) plotted onto the map of France. (b) Ancestry proportions estimated with qpAdm [43] assuming a model where each French cluster results from the mixture of WHG, EF, and SP-related ancestry. Maps were generated using the R statistical package along with ‘maptools’ library.