Table 2.
Potential biomarkers in rat serum and their variations among groups.
| No. | Metabolites | Chemical shift (ppm)a | Assignment | Model vs. Normalb | SY vs. Modelb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LDL/VLDL | 0.85 (br), 1.25 (br) | –CH3, –CH2 | ↓ *** | ↑ *** |
| 2 | Isoleucine | 0.95 (t) | –CH3 | ↓ *** | ↑ *** |
| 3 | Valine | 0.98 (d), 1.03 (d) | γ–CH3, γ–CH3 | ↓ *** | ↑ ** |
| 4 | Lipids | 1.56 (br) | –CH2–CH2–C=O | ↓ *** | ↑ * |
| 5 | NAG | 2.03 (s) | –CH3 | ↓ *** | ↑ * |
| 6 | Acetoacetate | 2.22 (s) | –CH3 | ↓ *** | ↑ *** |
| 7 | TMAO | 3.24 (s) | –CH3 | ↑ *** | ↓ *** |
| 8 | Betaine | 3.25 (s) | –CH2 | ↑ *** | ↓ *** |
| 9 | Glucose | 4.64 (d), 5.23 (d) | 1–CH | ↑ *** | ↓ *** |
| 10 | Lactate | 1.32 (d), 4.11 (q) | β–CH3, α–CH | ↓ *** | – |
| 11 | Alanine | 1.47 (d) | β–CH3 | ↓ *** | – |
| 12 | Glutamate | 2.05 (m) | β–CH2 | ↓ *** | – |
| 13 | Pyruvate | 2.36 (s) | β–CH3 | ↓ *** | – |
| 14 | Creatine | 3.03 (s), 3.92 (s) | –CH3, –CH2 | ↓ *** | – |
a s, singlet; d, doublet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad resonance.
b Metabolites with “↑/↓” means increased/decreased, “–” means no significant differences. *, **, and *** indicate P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively.