Table 2.
Barefoot and in‐shoe plantar pressure data of selected participant groups, taking into account plantar area of pressure measurement, between studies
| First Author (Year) | Peak Plantar Pressure (kPa) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foot pressure measurement | Whole foot | Forefoot | Midfoot | Rearfoot | Hallux | |||||||||||||||||
| System | Specifications | DU | DPN | DC | HC | DU | DPN | DC | HC | DU | DPN | DC | HC | DU | DPN | DC | HC | DU | DPN | DC | HC | |
| Barefoot studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abbott (2017)28 | PressureStat | 449 (178) | 231 (107) | 237 (61.8) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Armstrong (1998)29 | EMED | 4pixels per cm2 | 831 (247) | 627 (214) | ||||||||||||||||||
| a , bBacarin (2009)30 | Pedar | 50 Hz, 1.6‐2.2cm2 | 367 (86.2) | 368 (89.2) | 348 (88.4) | 291 (152) | 205 (119) | 139 (76.4) | 342 (119) | 342 (76.9) | 337 (95.9) | 270 (137) | 306 (112) | 307 (111) | ||||||||
| Frykberg (1998)31 | F‐Scan | 5mm2 | 657 (304) | 481 (235) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lavery (2003)25 | EMED | 4pixels/cm2 | 955 (264) | 851 (273) | ||||||||||||||||||
| c , dMelai (2011)33 | EMED | 100 Hz, 4 sensors/cm2 | 501 (198) | 448 (133) | 364 (75) | 150 (52) | 165 (60) | 118 (24) | 425 (118) | 419 (109) | 359 (93) | 463 (243) | 514 (286) | 355 (149) | ||||||||
| Owings (2009)34 | EMED | 50mm2 | 566 (316) | 486 (242) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Pham (2000)35 | F‐Scan | 706 (373) | 522 (255) | |||||||||||||||||||
| a , eSacco (2009)36 | Pedar | 100 Hz | 246 (56.3) | 219 (35.3) | 114 (52.2) | 75.7 (31.1) | 220 (40.4) | 197 (27.8) | ||||||||||||||
| fStess (1997)37 | EMED | 480 (18) | 405 (28) | 407 (17) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Waaijman (2014)12 | EMED | 50 Hz, 4 sensors/cm2 | 1042 (260) | 935 (307) | ||||||||||||||||||
| In‐shoe studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| gLedoux (2013)32 | F‐Scan | 219 (16) | 194 (2) | 383 (50) | 303 (5) | 267 (85) | 141 (2) | 241 (27) | 266 (3) | 172 (20) | 200 (4) | |||||||||||
| Owings (2009)34 | Pedar | 1.85 cm2 | 207 (68) | 214 (71) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Pliance | 0.194 cm2 | 291 (132) | 304 (124) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Waaijman (2014)12 | Pedar | 50 Hz, 1 cm2 | 261 (83) | 249 (77) | ||||||||||||||||||
Note: Reported mean (SD) peak plantar pressure (kPa) while walking.
Abbreviations: DC, diabetes control group with no DFU history and no peripheral neuropathy; DPN, diabetes patients with peripheral neuropathy who did not ulcerate in‐study; DU, diabetes patients who developed an ulcer in‐study; HC, non‐diabetic, healthy controls.
These studies placed in‐soles in socks to record pressure.
This study split forefoot into medial and lateral, the highest values were reported, lateral for DU and DPN, medial for HC.
This study split forefoot into the five metatarsal heads, the highest value (third MTH) are shown.
Some analysis was conducted using a sensor specification of 50 Hz, 2 sensors/cm2.
Reported pressure at heel strike and push‐off, used value from heel strike for rearfoot and push‐off for forefoot and midfoot as these were the highest.
Mean (SE) values were reported in this study.
This study split the forefoot into multiple sites, the location with the highest value was used: DU – first MTH, DPN – second‐fourth MTH.