Table 3.

Summary of articles reviewed

Citation	Title abbreviation	Study goal	Study design	Study methodology	Setting and sample	Study findings	Methods and strategies used to identify & address SDoH issues
Gimpel et al. (2010)	Patient perceptions of a community‐based care coordination system.	To assess the efficacy of including CHW as care coordinators into education programs/groups to address social concerns, and provide clinical support to patients with T2DM and depression	Exploratory	Focus groups	Community‐based setting. Dallas USA ‘Project Access Dallas‐care coordination system’ N = 24	Participants reported the support of community‐based workers as a helpful inclusion. Benefits were also reported in participating in groups e.g. social support and understanding	Identifying Modified risk assessment tool (identifying‐social concerns, risk of developing T2DM, depression) Addressing Include strategies to address SDoH, for example, how use public transportation and facilitating access to healthcare. Incorporated the use of community health workers
Walker et al. (2014a)	Independent effects of socioeconomic and psychological social determinants of health on self‐care and outcomes in T2DM	To investigate independent effects of socio‐economic and psychological SDoH factors on DM knowledge, self‐care and QoL	Cross‐sectional	Statistical analyses to provide information on individual and collective contribution of different SDoH to T2DM	Adult primary care clinic USA N = 615	T2DM knowledge and self‐care: Significantly associated with SES and psychological components of SDoH T2DM outcomes: Significantly associated with higher SES and self‐efficacy and lower diabetes distress and perceived stress QoL: Significantly associated with higher education, lower depression, lower psychological distress, lower perceived stress, and higher social support	Identifying Participants completed validated questionnaires Addressing Not Included Recommendations for further research to inform future interventions designed to improve self‐care and outcomes for patients with T2DM
Walker et al.. (2014b)	Relationship between SDoH and processes and outcomes in adults with T2DM: validation of a conceptual framework	To validate a conceptual framework that clarifies the pathways linking SDoH to health outcomes of people with T2DM.	Cross‐sectional	Path analysis used to determine if SDoH factors independently predict glycaemic control, or show an association with mediators/moderators of T2DM care components	Adult primary care clinic USA. N = 615	Significant paths were associated with SDoH and glycaemic control through direct association and mediators/moderators of diabetes care components	Identifying Participants completed validated questionnaires Addressing Recommendation to include SDoH in future research and T2DM intervention
Walker et al. (2015a)	Quantifying Direct Effects of SDoH on Glycemic Control in Adults with T2DM	To investigate if self‐care is the pathway through which SDoH impact T2DM outcomes	Cross‐sectional	Structured equation modelling investigated the relationship between SDoH, self‐care and glycaemic control	Adult primary care clinic USA N = 615	An association between self‐care and SDoH is suggested, but is not mediated by self‐care A direct relationship identified between psychosocial determinants of health and glycaemic control	Identifying Participants completed validated questionnaires Addressing Interventions should take psychosocial factors into account as independent influences on T2DM outcomes, rather than influences on self‐care
Walker et al. (2015b)	Understanding the influence of psychological and socioeconomic factors on DM self‐care using structured equation modelling	To develop and test latent variables of SDoH that influence diabetes self‐care	Cross‐sectional	Confirmatory factor analysis identified the latent factors underlying socio‐economic determinants, psychosocial determinants and self‐care Structured equation modelling was used to investigate the relationships between the above determinants and self‐care	Adult primary care clinic USA N = 615 Self‐efficacy, psychosocial distress and social support also had an influence over behaviour	Psychosocial factors can be separated into three latent constructs; psychological distress, social support and self‐efficacy Better self‐care is associated with lower psychological distress, higher social support and higher self‐efficacy	Identifying Participants completed validated questionnaires Addressing Consider psychosocial, self‐efficacy, social support and psychological distress separately rather than collectively Incorporate behavioural and psychological strategies in future T2DM interventions
Walker et al. (2015)	SDoH in adults with T2DM‐Contribution of mutable and immutable factors	To increase understanding about the role of multiple SDoH factors on glycaemic control of individuals with T2DM To identify which SDoH factors are, mutable and immutable	Cross‐sectional	Statistical analysis using a hierarchical model with HbA1c as a dependent variable with block independent variables i.e. Demographics, socio‐economic, psychosocial, built environment, clinical, and knowledge/self‐care	Adult primary care clinic USA N = 615	Significant associations with HbA1c included self‐efficacy, social support, comorbidity, insulin use, medication adherence and smoking behaviour SDoH factors that drive glycaemic control are modifiable and therefore worthy of inclusion in health interventions	Identifying Participants completed validated questionnaires Addressing Recommendations for greater acknowledgement of SDoH required to reduce the commodities associated with glycaemic control. Recommendations for DM education and skills training to include SDoH factors
Loh et al. (2015)	Dunedin's free clinic: an exploration of its model of care using case study methodology	To determine if the services provided met the social vulnerability need of clients	Mixed method Descriptive (nested case study)	Created a profile of patient need using various measures. Then applied an analytic matching technique to assess the degree of alignment between services provided and patient need	Community‐based free health clinic NZ N = 406 nested case study n = 21 medical certificates n = 278 justice use n = 80 surveys completed n = 27	Patient need complicated by coexisting social vulnerability. Suggested a degree of fit between the services provided and the need of the patients. Highlighted importance of a model of care that caters for patients with complex social need	Identifying Collected patient need through journal entries, patient encounters, self‐administered surveys, medical certificates issued, hospital admissions, justice system use, and computer database records Addressing Not Included
Rose (2005)	Socioeconomic Barriers to DM Self‐care: Development of a Factor Analytic Scale	To describe the development of a measurement tool for assessing SES barriers to T2DM self‐care	Cross‐sectional Part of a mixed method study investigating socio‐cognitive factors/barriers accompanying DM self‐care (quantitative component)	Theoretical constructs followed by telephone surveys to develop SES assessment measures Factor analysis on SES‐related diabetes self‐care barriers	Diabetes register from Fairfield division of GP’s. Australia N = 105	SES barriers identified through the factor analysis consists of ‘place barriers’ and ‘information barriers’ SES cost‐related barriers failed to form one factor in the analysis Further development required	Identifying Phone survey developed using theoretical constructs Addressing Not Included
Rosland et al. (2014)	Social Support and Lifestyle versus. Medical DM Self‐Management in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)	To examine the relationship between social support and T2DM self‐management/lifestyle behaviours, and self‐management/medical behaviours	Cross‐sectional	Self‐management and social support, including SDoH factors assessed using the DISTANCE questionnaire, and administrative data Poisson regression models to estimate ARR of self‐management behaviours at high and low levels of social support	Integrated managed‐care consortium. California, USA N = 13,366	Clearer association with high levels of self‐support and positive self‐management/lifestyle behaviours compared to medical behaviours	Identifying DISTANCE survey specifically designed to assess self‐management behaviours of T2DM patients. Includes social support and SDoH factors Addressing Not included