Table 2.
Hazard ratios of all-cause mortality, unplanned hospitalizations, and intensive care unit admissions for the ML-mFI and the mFI at the 1-, 5- and 8-year follow-up periods.a,b,c All values are given as hazard ratio (95% CI).
| Adverse outcomes at follow-up periods | Mild frailty | Moderate frailty | Severe frailty | ||||
| mFI (n=14,244) | ML-mFI (n=9366) | mFI (n=4741) | ML-mFI (n=2522) | mFI (n=2498) | ML-mFI (n=1488) | ||
| 1-year all-cause mortality HRd | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 2.21 (2.04-2.39) | 3.66 (3.38-3.97) | 4.09 (3.72-4.50) | 8.81 (8.00-9.71) | 7.52 (6.81-8.30) | 16.62 (15.08-18.32) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.86 (1.71-2.01) | 3.13 (2.89-3.39) | 3.08 (2.80-3.39) | 6.79 (6.15-7.49) | 4.97 (4.49-5.50) | 11.40 (10.32-12.59) |
| 5-year all-cause mortality HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.76 (1.70-1.82) | 2.57 (2.48-2.67) | 2.85 (2.72-2.99) | 5.27 (5.00-5.55) | 5.00 (4.74-5.28) | 9.02 (8.49-9.58) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.46 (1.41-1.52) | 2.19 (2.11-2.27) | 2.14 (2.04-2.25) | 4.04 (3.83-4.26) | 3.28 (3.11-3.46) | 6.15 (5.79-6.54) |
| 8-year all-cause mortality HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.69 (1.64-1.74) | 2.32 (2.25-2.39) | 2.65 (2.55-2.76) | 4.72 (4.54-4.94) | 4.50 (4.29-4.71) | 8.05 (7.61-8.51) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.41 (1.37-1.45) | 1.99 (1.93-2.05) | 2.01 (1.93-2.09) | 3.70 (3.53-3.88) | 2.98 (2.84-3.12) | 5.52 (5.22-5.84) |
| 1-year unplanned hospitalization HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 2.08 (1.97-2.20) | 2.86 (2.70-3.02) | 3.30 (3.07-3.54) | 5.21 (4.82-5.64) | 5.29 (4.88-5.73) | 7.65 (6.99-8.38) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.91 (1.80-2.01) | 2.63 (2.49-2.79) | 2.85 (2.65-3.06) | 4.53 (4.18-4.90) | 4.28 (3.94-4.64) | 6.20 (5.66-6.80) |
| 5-year unplanned hospitalization HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.78 (1.73-1.83) | 2.28 (2.21-2.36) | 2.51 (2.40-2.62) | 3.79 (3.59-4.00) | 3.85 (3.65-4.06) | 5.43 (5.07-5.83) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.61 (1.57-1.66) | 2.09 (2.02-2.16) | 2.14 (2.05-2.24) | 3.23 (3.06-3.41) | 3.05 (2.89-3.23) | 4.33 (4.04-4.65) |
| 8-year unplanned hospitalization HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.67 (1.63-1.71) | 2.11 (2.05-2.17) | 2.32 (2.24-2.41) | 3.53 (3.36-3.71) | 3.53 (3.36-3.71) | 5.03 (4.69-5.38) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.51 (1.48-1.55) | 1.93 (1.87-1.99) | 1.98 (1.91-2.06) | 3.01 (2.86-3.17) | 2.79 (2.65-2.94) | 3.98 (3.72-4.27) |
| 1-year intensive care unit admission HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 2.34 (2.18-2.52) | 3.23 (3.00-3.48) | 4.32 (3.95-4.72) | 6.70 (6.08-7.38) | 7.04 (6.38-7.76) | 12.16 (10.98-13.46) |
|
|
Adjusted | 2.09 (1.94-2.25) | 2.91 (2.70-3.13) | 3.59 (3.28-3.92) | 5.64 (5.11-6.23) | 5.35 (4.84-5.91) | 9.41 (8.49-10.44) |
| 5-year intensive care unit admission HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.86 (1.79-1.93) | 2.39 (2.30-2.48) | 2.92 (2.78-3.07) | 4.75 (4.48-5.04) | 4.84 (4.56-5.14) | 7.84 (7.30-8.42) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.64 (1.58-1.70) | 2.14 (2.06-2.23) | 2.42 (2.30-2.54) | 3.96 (3.74-4.21) | 3.65 (3.43-3.87) | 6.00 (5.58-6.44) |
| 8-year intensive care unit admission HR | |||||||
|
|
Unadjusted | 1.74 (1.69-1.79) | 2.20 (2.12-2.28) | 2.69 (2.58-2.81) | 4.35 (4.12-4.59) | 4.28 (4.05-4.52) | 7.10 (6.63-7.60) |
|
|
Adjusted | 1.54 (1.49-1.59) | 1.98 (1.92-2.05) | 2.23 (2.14-2.34) | 3.68 (3.49-3.89) | 3.24 (3.06-3.42) | 5.46 (5.10-5.85) |
aFor all outcomes, the comparator is the study subjects in the fit categories (n=64,650). All data were adjusted for age and gender.
bML-mFI: machine learning multimorbidity frailty index.
cmFI: multimorbidity frailty index.
dHR: hazard ratio.