Table 5.

Relationship between patients’ therapeutic alliance ratings and treatment outcome.

Study, authors (publication year)	F2Fa	F2F + smartphone	Internet program	Internet program + F2F	Internet program + TAUb	Email	Internet program + email/phone	Telephone
Andersson et al (2012) [29]	N/Ac	N/A	0d	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Berger et al (2018) [30]	+e	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ly et al (2015) [32]	0	+	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Meyer et al (2015) [33]	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	+	N/A	N/A	N/A
Stiles-Shields et al (2014) [35]	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0

^aF2F: regular face-to-face psychotherapy.

^bTAU: treatment as usual.

^cN/A: not applicable.

^dNo significant relationship between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome.

^eStatistically significant positive relationship between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome. Significance based on Spearman correlation (Berger et al, P<.01) and mixed effects models (Ly et al, P=.00-.05; Meyer et al, P<.01).