Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the validation cohort
| Characteristics | Missing values, n (%) | Expect Study I (n = 2603) | Missing values, n (%) | PRIDE Study (n = 2657) | Observed validation cohorta | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 5260) | GDM (n = 127) | No GDM (n = 5133) | |||||
| Age (y) | 0 (0.0) | 30.2 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 30.6 (3.7) | 30.4 (3.8) | 31.1 (4.1) | 30.4 (3.8) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (1.4) | |||||
| Caucasian | 2522 (96.9) | 2608 (98.2) | 5130 (97.5) | 123 (96.9) | 5007 (97.5) | ||
| Afro‐Caribbean | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | ||
| Asian | 20 (0.8) | 6 (0.2) | 26 (0.5) | 3 (2.4) | 23 (.4) | ||
| Hispanic | 11 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 13 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.3) | ||
| Mixed | 47 (1.8) | 4 (0.2) | 51 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (1.0) | ||
| Tertiary education, n (%) | 3 (0.1) | 1415 (54.4) | 38 (1.4) | 2014 (75.8) | 3429 (65.2) | 65 (51.2) | 3364 (65.5) |
| Height (cm) | 3 (0.1) | 168.8 (6.4) | 17 (0.6) | 171.1 (6.3) | 170.0 (6.4) | 168.8 (6.7) | 170.0 (6.4) |
| Weight (kg) | 5 (0.2) | 68.9 (13.0) | 19 (0.7) | 68.6 (11.8) | 68.7 (12.4) | 78.8 (16.3) | 68.5 (12.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 5 (0.2) | 24.1 (4.3) | 25 (0.9) | 23.4 (3.8) | 23.8 (4.1) | 27.7 (6.0) | 23.7 (3.9) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 1 (0.0) | 156 (6.0) | 31 (1.2) | 48 (1.8) | 204 (3.9) | 5 (3.9) | 199 (3.9) |
| History of chronic hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (1.1) | 17 (0.6) | 2 (0.1) | 30 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (0.6) |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | |||||||
| First‐degree | 1 (0.0) | 378 (14.5) | 13 (0.5) | 292 (11.0) | 670 (12.7) | 39 (30.7) | 631 (12.3) |
| Second‐degree | 1 (0.0) | 855 (32.8) | NM | NM | 855 (16.3) | 31 (24.4) | 824 (16.1) |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1322 (50.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1442 (54.3) | 2764 (52.5) | 71 (55.9) | 2693 (52.5) |
| Conception, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (0.6) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 2429 (93.3) | 2499 (94.1) | 4928 (93.7) | 110 (86.6) | 4818 (93.9) | ||
| Ovulation induction | 93 (3.6) | 78 (2.9) | 171 (3.3) | 9 (7.1) | 162 (3.2) | ||
| IVF/ICSI | 81 (3.1) | 65 (2.4) | 146 (2.8) | 6 (4.7) | 140 (2.7) | ||
| History recurrent miscarriages (≥2), n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 151 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 124 (4.7) | 275 (5.2) | 8 (6.3) | 267 (5.2) |
| History of GDM, n (%) | 19 (0.7) | 14 (0.5) | 3 (0.1) | 11 (0.4) | 25 (0.5) | 12 (9.4) | 13 (0.3) |
| History of macrosomia, n (%) | |||||||
| >90th percentile | 52 (2.0) | 166 (6.4) | 44 (1.7) | 218 (8.2) | 384 (7.3) | 21 (16.5) | 363 (7.1) |
| >4000 g | 42 (1.6) | 145 (5.6) | 61 (2.3) | 182 (6.8) | 327 (6.2) | 15 (11.8) | 312 (6.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 260 (10.0) | 114 (13) | 947 (35.6) | 114 (12) | 114 (12) | 117 (12) | 114 (12) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 270 (10.4) | 68 (9) | 953 (35.9) | 67 (9) | 68 (9) | 71 (9) | 67 (9) |
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF, in vitro fertilization; NM, not measured.
a
Original data (not imputed) presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables or absolute n (%) for categorical variables.